DIKW Pyramid (
What is data
eg1<-read.table("Attachment 1/GC.txt",fill=T,header=F) #Data CG.txt
eg1[1,]eg2<-read.csv("Attachment 1/GC.csv",header=F) #Data GC.csv
eg2[1,]## [1] "Gertrude Cox, The First Lady Of Statistics"#Using tm package
library(tm)# text mining## Warning: package 'tm' was built under R version 4.4.3## Loading required package: NLP## Warning: package 'NLP' was built under R version 4.4.2eg3<-c("Hi!","Welcome to STQD6114","Tuesday, 11-1pm")
mytext<-VectorSource(eg3)
mycorpus<-VCorpus(mytext)
inspect(mycorpus)## <<VCorpus>>
## Metadata: corpus specific: 0, document level (indexed): 0
## Content: documents: 3
##
## [[1]]
## <<PlainTextDocument>>
## Metadata: 7
## Content: chars: 3
##
## [[2]]
## <<PlainTextDocument>>
## Metadata: 7
## Content: chars: 19
##
## [[3]]
## <<PlainTextDocument>>
## Metadata: 7
## Content: chars: 15as.character(mycorpus[[1]])## [1] "Hi!"#Example using VectorSource
eg4<-t(eg1) #From example 1
a<-sapply(1:7,function(x) # 1:7 can be changed into "ncol(eg4)"
trimws(paste(eg4[,x],collapse=" "),"right"))
mytext<-VectorSource(a)
mycorpus<-VCorpus(mytext)
inspect(mycorpus)## <<VCorpus>>
## Metadata: corpus specific: 0, document level (indexed): 0
## Content: documents: 7
##
## [[1]]
## <<PlainTextDocument>>
## Metadata: 7
## Content: chars: 42
##
## [[2]]
## <<PlainTextDocument>>
## Metadata: 7
## Content: chars: 52
##
## [[3]]
## <<PlainTextDocument>>
## Metadata: 7
## Content: chars: 118
##
## [[4]]
## <<PlainTextDocument>>
## Metadata: 7
## Content: chars: 153
##
## [[5]]
## <<PlainTextDocument>>
## Metadata: 7
## Content: chars: 100
##
## [[6]]
## <<PlainTextDocument>>
## Metadata: 7
## Content: chars: 119
##
## [[7]]
## <<PlainTextDocument>>
## Metadata: 7
## Content: chars: 147as.character(mycorpus[[1]])## [1] "Gertrude Cox, The First Lady Of Statistics"#Example using DirSource
mytext<-DirSource("movies")
mycorpus<-VCorpus(mytext)
inspect(mycorpus)## <<VCorpus>>
## Metadata: corpus specific: 0, document level (indexed): 0
## Content: documents: 5
##
## [[1]]
## <<PlainTextDocument>>
## Metadata: 7
## Content: chars: 502
##
## [[2]]
## <<PlainTextDocument>>
## Metadata: 7
## Content: chars: 400
##
## [[3]]
## <<PlainTextDocument>>
## Metadata: 7
## Content: chars: 506
##
## [[4]]
## <<PlainTextDocument>>
## Metadata: 7
## Content: chars: 387
##
## [[5]]
## <<PlainTextDocument>>
## Metadata: 7
## Content: chars: 385as.character(mycorpus[[1]])## [1] "Spider-Man: Homecoming"
## [2] ""
## [3] "Thrilled by his experience with the Avengers, young Peter Parker returns home to live with his Aunt May. Under the watchful eye of mentor Tony Stark, Parker starts to embrace his newfound identity as Spider-Man. He also tries to return to his normal daily routine -- distracted by thoughts of proving himself to be more than just a friendly neighborhood superhero. Peter must soon put his powers to the test when the evil Vulture emerges to threaten everything that he holds dear."#Example using DataFrameSource
eg5<-read.csv("Attachment 1/Doc6.csv",header=F) #Using doc6.csv
docs<-data.frame(doc_id=c("doc_1","doc_2"),
text=c(as.character(eg5[1,]),
as.character(eg5[2,])),
dmeta1=1:2,dmeta2=letters[1:2],
stringsAsFactors=F)
mytext<-DataframeSource(docs)
mycorpus<-VCorpus(mytext)
inspect(mycorpus)## <<VCorpus>>
## Metadata: corpus specific: 0, document level (indexed): 2
## Content: documents: 2
##
## [[1]]
## <<PlainTextDocument>>
## Metadata: 7
## Content: chars: 15
##
## [[2]]
## <<PlainTextDocument>>
## Metadata: 7
## Content: chars: 413as.character(mycorpus[[1]])## [1] "Despicable Me 3"eg5b = read.csv("Attachment 1/GC.csv", header=F)HTML Cheat Sheet
eg6<-readLines("https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science")## Warning in readLines("https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science"): incomplete
## final line found on 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science'eg6[grep("\\h2",eg6)]## [1] "\t<h2 class=\"vector-pinnable-header-label\">Contents</h2>"
## [2] "<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"Foundations\">Foundations</h2><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Data_science&action=edit&section=1\" title=\"Edit section: Foundations\"><span>edit</span></a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></div>"
## [3] "<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"Etymology\">Etymology</h2><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Data_science&action=edit&section=2\" title=\"Edit section: Etymology\"><span>edit</span></a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></div>"
## [4] "<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"Data_science_and_data_analysis\">Data science and data analysis</h2><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Data_science&action=edit&section=5\" title=\"Edit section: Data science and data analysis\"><span>edit</span></a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></div>"
## [5] "<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"Cloud_computing_for_data_science\">Cloud computing for data science</h2><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Data_science&action=edit&section=6\" title=\"Edit section: Cloud computing for data science\"><span>edit</span></a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></div>"
## [6] "<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"Ethical_consideration_in_data_science\">Ethical consideration in data science</h2><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Data_science&action=edit&section=7\" title=\"Edit section: Ethical consideration in data science\"><span>edit</span></a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></div>"
## [7] "<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"See_also\">See also</h2><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Data_science&action=edit&section=8\" title=\"Edit section: See also\"><span>edit</span></a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></div>"
## [8] "<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"References\">References</h2><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Data_science&action=edit&section=9\" title=\"Edit section: References\"><span>edit</span></a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></div>"eg6[grep("\\p",eg6)] #paragraph## [1] "<html class=\"client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">"
## [2] "<title>Data science - Wikipedia</title>"
## [3] "<script>(function(){var className=\"client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available\";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\\w+$|[^\\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={\"wgBreakFrames\":false,\"wgSeparatorTransformTable\":[\"\",\"\"],\"wgDigitTransformTable\":[\"\",\"\"],\"wgDefaultDateFormat\":\"dmy\",\"wgMonthNames\":[\"\",\"January\",\"February\",\"March\",\"April\",\"May\",\"June\",\"July\",\"August\",\"September\",\"October\",\"November\",\"December\"],\"wgRequestId\":\"fba88426-b9fa-42c8-ab9c-afe73e7cc568\",\"wgCanonicalNamespace\":\"\",\"wgCanonicalSpecialPageName\":false,\"wgNamespaceNumber\":0,\"wgPageName\":\"Data_science\",\"wgTitle\":\"Data science\",\"wgCurRevisionId\":1280929370,\"wgRevisionId\":1280929370,\"wgArticleId\":35458904,\"wgIsArticle\":true,\"wgIsRedirect\":false,\"wgAction\":\"view\",\"wgUserName\":null,\"wgUserGroups\":[\"*\"],\"wgCategories\":[\"Articles with short description\",\"Short description is different from Wikidata\",\"Use dmy dates from August 2023\",\"Information science\",\"Computer occupations\",\"Computational fields of study\",\"Data analysis\",\"Data science\"],\"wgPageViewLanguage\":\"en\",\"wgPageContentLanguage\":\"en\",\"wgPageContentModel\":\"wikitext\",\"wgRelevantPageName\":\"Data_science\",\"wgRelevantArticleId\":35458904,\"wgIsProbablyEditable\":true,\"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable\":true,\"wgRestrictionEdit\":[],\"wgRestrictionMove\":[],\"wgNoticeProject\":\"wikipedia\",\"wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive\":false,\"wgFlaggedRevsParams\":{\"tags\":{\"status\":{\"levels\":1}}},\"wgMediaViewerOnClick\":true,\"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault\":true,\"wgPopupsFlags\":0,\"wgVisualEditor\":{\"pageLanguageCode\":\"en\",\"pageLanguageDir\":\"ltr\",\"pageVariantFallbacks\":\"en\"},\"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions\":{\"search\":true,\"watchlist\":true,\"tagline\":false,\"nearby\":true},\"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample\":false,\"wgWMEPageLength\":20000,\"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish\":true,\"wgULSPosition\":\"interlanguage\",\"wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled\":false,\"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader\":true,\"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty\":false,\"wgWikibaseItemId\":\"Q2374463\",\"wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi\":[\"brands\",\"architecture\",\"bitness\",\"fullVersionList\",\"mobile\",\"model\",\"platform\",\"platformVersion\"],\"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics\":true,\"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled\":false,\"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser\":false};"
## [4] "RLSTATE={\"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles\":\"ready\",\"site.styles\":\"ready\",\"user.styles\":\"ready\",\"ext.globalCssJs.user\":\"ready\",\"user\":\"ready\",\"user.options\":\"loading\",\"ext.cite.styles\":\"ready\",\"skins.vector.search.codex.styles\":\"ready\",\"skins.vector.styles\":\"ready\",\"skins.vector.icons\":\"ready\",\"jquery.makeCollapsible.styles\":\"ready\",\"ext.wikimediamessages.styles\":\"ready\",\"ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript\":\"ready\",\"ext.uls.interlanguage\":\"ready\",\"wikibase.client.init\":\"ready\"};RLPAGEMODULES=[\"ext.cite.ux-enhancements\",\"mediawiki.page.media\",\"site\",\"mediawiki.page.ready\",\"jquery.makeCollapsible\",\"mediawiki.toc\",\"skins.vector.js\",\"ext.centralNotice.geoIP\",\"ext.centralNotice.startUp\",\"ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips\",\"ext.gadget.switcher\",\"ext.urlShortener.toolbar\",\"ext.centralauth.centralautologin\",\"mmv.bootstrap\",\"ext.popups\",\"ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init\",\"ext.visualEditor.targetLoader\",\"ext.echo.centralauth\",\"ext.eventLogging\",\"ext.wikimediaEvents\",\"ext.navigationTiming\",\"ext.uls.interface\",\"ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns\",\"ext.cx.uls.quick.actions\",\"wikibase.client.vector-2022\",\"ext.checkUser.clientHints\",\"ext.quicksurveys.init\",\"ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession\"];</script>"
## [5] "<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return[\"user.options@12s5i\",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({\"patrolToken\":\"+\\\\\",\"watchToken\":\"+\\\\\",\"csrfToken\":\"+\\\\\"});"
## [6] "}];});});</script>"
## [7] "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022\">"
## [8] "<script async=\"\" src=\"/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022\"></script>"
## [9] "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022\">"
## [10] "<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:standard\">"
## [11] "<meta name=\"format-detection\" content=\"telephone=no\">"
## [12] "<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/PIA23792-1600x1200%281%29.jpg/1200px-PIA23792-1600x1200%281%29.jpg\">"
## [13] "<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\">"
## [14] "<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"900\">"
## [15] "<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/PIA23792-1600x1200%281%29.jpg/960px-PIA23792-1600x1200%281%29.jpg\">"
## [16] "<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"800\">"
## [17] "<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"600\">"
## [18] "<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"640\">"
## [19] "<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"480\">"
## [20] "<meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=1120\">"
## [21] "<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Data science - Wikipedia\">"
## [22] "<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"website\">"
## [23] "<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"//upload.wikimedia.org\">"
## [24] "<link rel=\"alternate\" media=\"only screen and (max-width: 640px)\" href=\"//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science\">"
## [25] "<link rel=\"alternate\" type=\"application/x-wiki\" title=\"Edit this page\" href=\"/w/index.php?title=Data_science&action=edit\">"
## [26] "<link rel=\"apple-touch-icon\" href=\"/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png\">"
## [27] "<link rel=\"icon\" href=\"/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico\">"
## [28] "<link rel=\"search\" type=\"application/opensearchdescription+xml\" href=\"/w/rest.php/v1/search\" title=\"Wikipedia (en)\">"
## [29] "<link rel=\"EditURI\" type=\"application/rsd+xml\" href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd\">"
## [30] "<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science\">"
## [31] "<link rel=\"license\" href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en\">"
## [32] "<link rel=\"alternate\" type=\"application/atom+xml\" title=\"Wikipedia Atom feed\" href=\"/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom\">"
## [33] "<link rel=\"dns-prefetch\" href=\"//meta.wikimedia.org\" />"
## [34] "<link rel=\"dns-prefetch\" href=\"auth.wikimedia.org\">"
## [35] "<body class=\"skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Data_science rootpage-Data_science skin-vector-2022 action-view\"><a class=\"mw-jump-link\" href=\"#bodyContent\">Jump to content</a>"
## [36] "<div id=\"vector-main-menu-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right\" title=\"Main menu\" >"
## [37] "\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox \" aria-label=\"Main menu\" >"
## [38] "\t<label id=\"vector-main-menu-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only \" aria-hidden=\"true\" ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu\"></span>"
## [39] "<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Main menu</span>"
## [40] "\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">"
## [41] "\t\t\t\t<div id=\"vector-main-menu-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">"
## [42] "<div id=\"vector-main-menu\" class=\"vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element\">"
## [43] "\tclass=\"vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned\""
## [44] "\tdata-feature-name=\"main-menu-pinned\""
## [45] "\tdata-pinnable-element-id=\"vector-main-menu\""
## [46] "\tdata-pinned-container-id=\"vector-main-menu-pinned-container\""
## [47] "\tdata-unpinned-container-id=\"vector-main-menu-unpinned-container\""
## [48] "\t<div class=\"vector-pinnable-header-label\">Main menu</div>"
## [49] "\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin\">move to sidebar</button>"
## [50] "\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin\">hide</button>"
## [51] "<div id=\"p-navigation\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation\" >"
## [52] "\t\t\t<li id=\"n-mainpage-description\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/wiki/Main_Page\" title=\"Visit the main page [z]\" accesskey=\"z\"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id=\"n-contents\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents\" title=\"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id=\"n-currentevents\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/wiki/Portal:Current_events\" title=\"Articles related to current events\"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id=\"n-randompage\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/wiki/Special:Random\" title=\"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\" accesskey=\"x\"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id=\"n-aboutsite\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:About\" title=\"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id=\"n-contactpage\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us\" title=\"How to contact Wikipedia\"><span>Contact us</span></a></li>"
## [53] "<div id=\"p-interaction\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction\" >"
## [54] "\t\t\t<li id=\"n-help\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/wiki/Help:Contents\" title=\"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id=\"n-introduction\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/wiki/Help:Introduction\" title=\"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id=\"n-portal\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal\" title=\"The hub for editors\"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id=\"n-recentchanges\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/wiki/Special:RecentChanges\" title=\"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\" accesskey=\"r\"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id=\"n-upload\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard\" title=\"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id=\"n-specialpages\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/wiki/Special:SpecialPages\"><span>Special pages</span></a></li>"
## [55] "\t<img class=\"mw-logo-icon\" src=\"/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png\" alt=\"\" aria-hidden=\"true\" height=\"50\" width=\"50\">"
## [56] "\t<span class=\"mw-logo-container skin-invert\">"
## [57] "\t\t<img class=\"mw-logo-wordmark\" alt=\"Wikipedia\" src=\"/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg\" style=\"width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;\">"
## [58] "\t\t<img class=\"mw-logo-tagline\" alt=\"The Free Encyclopedia\" src=\"/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg\" width=\"117\" height=\"13\" style=\"width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;\">"
## [59] "\t</span>"
## [60] "<div id=\"p-search\" role=\"search\" class=\"vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box\">"
## [61] "\t<a href=\"/wiki/Special:Search\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle\" title=\"Search Wikipedia [f]\" accesskey=\"f\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search\"></span>"
## [62] "<span>Search</span>"
## [63] "\t<div class=\"vector-typeahead-search-container\">"
## [64] "\t\t<div class=\"cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width\">"
## [65] "\t\t\t<form action=\"/w/index.php\" id=\"searchform\" class=\"cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button\">"
## [66] "\t\t\t\t<div id=\"simpleSearch\" class=\"cdx-search-input__input-wrapper\" data-search-loc=\"header-moved\">"
## [67] "\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon\">"
## [68] "\t\t\t\t\t\t<input"
## [69] "\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"cdx-text-input__input\""
## [70] "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t type=\"search\" name=\"search\" placeholder=\"Search Wikipedia\" aria-label=\"Search Wikipedia\" autocapitalize=\"sentences\" title=\"Search Wikipedia [f]\" accesskey=\"f\" id=\"searchInput\""
## [71] "\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon\"></span>"
## [72] "\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"title\" value=\"Special:Search\">"
## [73] "\t\t\t\t<button class=\"cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button\">Search</button>"
## [74] "<div id=\"p-vector-user-menu-preferences\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet\" >"
## [75] "<div id=\"p-vector-user-menu-userpage\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet\" >"
## [76] "\t<nav class=\"vector-appearance-landmark\" aria-label=\"Appearance\">"
## [77] "<div id=\"vector-appearance-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown \" title=\"Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color\" >"
## [78] "\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox \" aria-label=\"Appearance\" >"
## [79] "\t<label id=\"vector-appearance-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only \" aria-hidden=\"true\" ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance\"></span>"
## [80] "<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Appearance</span>"
## [81] "\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">"
## [82] "\t\t\t<div id=\"vector-appearance-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">"
## [83] "<div id=\"p-vector-user-menu-notifications\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet\" >"
## [84] "<div id=\"p-vector-user-menu-overflow\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet\" >"
## [85] "\t\t\t<li id=\"pt-sitesupport-2\" class=\"user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item\"><a data-mw=\"interface\" href=\"https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en\" class=\"\"><span>Donate</span></a>"
## [86] "<li id=\"pt-createaccount-2\" class=\"user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item\"><a data-mw=\"interface\" href=\"/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Data+science\" title=\"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\" class=\"\"><span>Create account</span></a>"
## [87] "<li id=\"pt-login-2\" class=\"user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item\"><a data-mw=\"interface\" href=\"/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Data+science\" title=\"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\" accesskey=\"o\" class=\"\"><span>Log in</span></a>"
## [88] "<div id=\"vector-user-links-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out\" title=\"Log in and more options\" >"
## [89] "\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox \" aria-label=\"Personal tools\" >"
## [90] "\t<label id=\"vector-user-links-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only \" aria-hidden=\"true\" ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis\"></span>"
## [91] "<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Personal tools</span>"
## [92] "\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">"
## [93] "<div id=\"p-personal\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item\" title=\"User menu\" >"
## [94] "\t\t\t<li id=\"pt-sitesupport\" class=\"user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en\"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id=\"pt-createaccount\" class=\"user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Data+science\" title=\"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd\"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id=\"pt-login\" class=\"user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Data+science\" title=\"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\" accesskey=\"o\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn\"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li>"
## [95] "<div id=\"p-user-menu-anon-editor\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor\" >"
## [96] "\t\tPages for logged out editors <a href=\"/wiki/Help:Introduction\" aria-label=\"Learn more about editing\"><span>learn more</span></a>"
## [97] "\t\t\t<li id=\"pt-anoncontribs\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/wiki/Special:MyContributions\" title=\"A list of edits made from this IP address [y]\" accesskey=\"y\"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id=\"pt-anontalk\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/wiki/Special:MyTalk\" title=\"Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]\" accesskey=\"n\"><span>Talk</span></a></li>"
## [98] "<div class=\"mw-page-container\">"
## [99] "\t<div class=\"mw-page-container-inner\">"
## [100] "\t\t\t<nav id=\"mw-panel\" class=\"vector-main-menu-landmark\" aria-label=\"Site\">"
## [101] "\t\t\t\t<div id=\"vector-main-menu-pinned-container\" class=\"vector-pinned-container\">"
## [102] "\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-pinned-container\">"
## [103] "\t\t\t\t<nav id=\"mw-panel-toc\" aria-label=\"Contents\" data-event-name=\"ui.sidebar-toc\" class=\"mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark\">"
## [104] "\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"vector-toc-pinned-container\" class=\"vector-pinned-container\">"
## [105] "\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"vector-toc\" class=\"vector-toc vector-pinnable-element\">"
## [106] "\tclass=\"vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned\""
## [107] "\tdata-feature-name=\"toc-pinned\""
## [108] "\tdata-pinnable-element-id=\"vector-toc\""
## [109] "\t<h2 class=\"vector-pinnable-header-label\">Contents</h2>"
## [110] "\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin\">move to sidebar</button>"
## [111] "\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin\">hide</button>"
## [112] "\t<ul class=\"vector-toc-contents\" id=\"mw-panel-toc-list\">"
## [113] "\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-toc-text\">(Top)</div>"
## [114] "\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">"
## [115] "\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">1</span>"
## [116] "\t\t\t\t<span>Foundations</span>"
## [117] "\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">"
## [118] "\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">2</span>"
## [119] "\t\t\t\t<span>Etymology</span>"
## [120] "\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand\"></span>"
## [121] "\t\t\t\t<span>Toggle Etymology subsection</span>"
## [122] "\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">2.1</span>"
## [123] "\t\t\t\t\t<span>Early usage</span>"
## [124] "\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">2.2</span>"
## [125] "\t\t\t\t\t<span>Modern usage</span>"
## [126] "\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">"
## [127] "\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">3</span>"
## [128] "\t\t\t\t<span>Data science and data analysis</span>"
## [129] "\t<li id=\"toc-Cloud_computing_for_data_science\""
## [130] "\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">"
## [131] "\t\t<a class=\"vector-toc-link\" href=\"#Cloud_computing_for_data_science\">"
## [132] "\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">4</span>"
## [133] "\t\t\t\t<span>Cloud computing for data science</span>"
## [134] "\t\t<ul id=\"toc-Cloud_computing_for_data_science-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">"
## [135] "\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">"
## [136] "\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">5</span>"
## [137] "\t\t\t\t<span>Ethical consideration in data science</span>"
## [138] "\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">"
## [139] "\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">6</span>"
## [140] "\t\t\t\t<span>See also</span>"
## [141] "\t\tclass=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">"
## [142] "\t\t\t\t<span class=\"vector-toc-numb\">7</span>"
## [143] "\t\t\t\t<span>References</span>"
## [144] "\t\t\t\t<header class=\"mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar\">"
## [145] "<div id=\"vector-page-titlebar-toc\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left\" title=\"Table of Contents\" >"
## [146] "\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox \" aria-label=\"Toggle the table of contents\" >"
## [147] "\t<label id=\"vector-page-titlebar-toc-label\" for=\"vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only \" aria-hidden=\"true\" ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet\"></span>"
## [148] "<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Toggle the table of contents</span>"
## [149] "\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">"
## [150] "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">"
## [151] "\t\t\t\t\t<h1 id=\"firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading mw-first-heading\"><span class=\"mw-page-title-main\">Data science</span></h1>"
## [152] "<div id=\"p-lang-btn\" class=\"vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang\" >"
## [153] "\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"p-lang-btn-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector\" aria-label=\"Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages\" >"
## [154] "\t<label id=\"p-lang-btn-label\" for=\"p-lang-btn-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50\" aria-hidden=\"true\" ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive\"></span>"
## [155] "<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">50 languages</span>"
## [156] "\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">"
## [157] "\t\t\t\t<li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA\" title=\"علم البيانات – Arabic\" lang=\"ar\" hreflang=\"ar\" data-title=\"علم البيانات\" data-language-autonym=\"العربية\" data-language-local-name=\"Arabic\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veril%C9%99nl%C9%99r_elmi\" title=\"Verilənlər elmi – Azerbaijani\" lang=\"az\" hreflang=\"az\" data-title=\"Verilənlər elmi\" data-language-autonym=\"Azərbaycanca\" data-language-local-name=\"Azerbaijani\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8\" title=\"উপাত্ত বিজ্ঞান – Bangla\" lang=\"bn\" hreflang=\"bn\" data-title=\"উপাত্ত বিজ্ঞান\" data-language-autonym=\"বাংলা\" data-language-local-name=\"Bangla\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5\" title=\"Наука за данните – Bulgarian\" lang=\"bg\" hreflang=\"bg\" data-title=\"Наука за данните\" data-language-autonym=\"Български\" data-language-local-name=\"Bulgarian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A8ncia_de_les_dades\" title=\"Ciència de les dades – Catalan\" lang=\"ca\" hreflang=\"ca\" data-title=\"Ciència de les dades\" data-language-autonym=\"Català\" data-language-local-name=\"Catalan\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science\" title=\"Data science – Czech\" lang=\"cs\" hreflang=\"cs\" data-title=\"Data science\" data-language-autonym=\"Čeština\" data-language-local-name=\"Czech\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Science\" title=\"Data Science – German\" lang=\"de\" hreflang=\"de\" data-title=\"Data Science\" data-language-autonym=\"Deutsch\" data-language-local-name=\"German\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andmeteadus\" title=\"Andmeteadus – Estonian\" lang=\"et\" hreflang=\"et\" data-title=\"Andmeteadus\" data-language-autonym=\"Eesti\" data-language-local-name=\"Estonian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B7_%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD\" title=\"Επιστήμη δεδομένων – Greek\" lang=\"el\" hreflang=\"el\" data-title=\"Επιστήμη δεδομένων\" data-language-autonym=\"Ελληνικά\" data-language-local-name=\"Greek\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia_de_datos\" title=\"Ciencia de datos – Spanish\" lang=\"es\" hreflang=\"es\" data-title=\"Ciencia de datos\" data-language-autonym=\"Español\" data-language-local-name=\"Spanish\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datum-scienco\" title=\"Datum-scienco – Esperanto\" lang=\"eo\" hreflang=\"eo\" data-title=\"Datum-scienco\" data-language-autonym=\"Esperanto\" data-language-local-name=\"Esperanto\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datu_zientzia\" title=\"Datu zientzia – Basque\" lang=\"eu\" hreflang=\"eu\" data-title=\"Datu zientzia\" data-language-autonym=\"Euskara\" data-language-local-name=\"Basque\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87\" title=\"علم داده – Persian\" lang=\"fa\" hreflang=\"fa\" data-title=\"علم داده\" data-language-autonym=\"فارسی\" data-language-local-name=\"Persian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_des_donn%C3%A9es\" title=\"Science des données – French\" lang=\"fr\" hreflang=\"fr\" data-title=\"Science des données\" data-language-autonym=\"Français\" data-language-local-name=\"French\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia_de_datos\" title=\"Ciencia de datos – Galician\" lang=\"gl\" hreflang=\"gl\" data-title=\"Ciencia de datos\" data-language-autonym=\"Galego\" data-language-local-name=\"Galician\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0_%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B8%EC%8A%A4\" title=\"데이터 사이언스 – Korean\" lang=\"ko\" hreflang=\"ko\" data-title=\"데이터 사이언스\" data-language-autonym=\"한국어\" data-language-local-name=\"Korean\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%BE%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6\" title=\"Տվյալների գիտություն – Armenian\" lang=\"hy\" hreflang=\"hy\" data-title=\"Տվյալների գիտություն\" data-language-autonym=\"Հայերեն\" data-language-local-name=\"Armenian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8\" title=\"आँकड़ा विज्ञान – Hindi\" lang=\"hi\" hreflang=\"hi\" data-title=\"आँकड़ा विज्ञान\" data-language-autonym=\"हिन्दी\" data-language-local-name=\"Hindi\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cienco_di_datumi\" title=\"Cienco di datumi – Ido\" lang=\"io\" hreflang=\"io\" data-title=\"Cienco di datumi\" data-language-autonym=\"Ido\" data-language-local-name=\"Ido\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_data\" title=\"Ilmu data – Indonesian\" lang=\"id\" hreflang=\"id\" data-title=\"Ilmu data\" data-language-autonym=\"Bahasa Indonesia\" data-language-local-name=\"Indonesian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INzululwazi_yeMininingo\" title=\"INzululwazi yeMininingo – Zulu\" lang=\"zu\" hreflang=\"zu\" data-title=\"INzululwazi yeMininingo\" data-language-autonym=\"IsiZulu\" data-language-local-name=\"Zulu\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scienza_dei_dati\" title=\"Scienza dei dati – Italian\" lang=\"it\" hreflang=\"it\" data-title=\"Scienza dei dati\" data-language-autonym=\"Italiano\" data-language-local-name=\"Italian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D\" title=\"מדע הנתונים – Hebrew\" lang=\"he\" hreflang=\"he\" data-title=\"מדע הנתונים\" data-language-autonym=\"עברית\" data-language-local-name=\"Hebrew\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B6_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8\" title=\"ದತ್ತಾಂಶ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – Kannada\" lang=\"kn\" hreflang=\"kn\" data-title=\"ದತ್ತಾಂಶ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ\" data-language-autonym=\"ಕನ್ನಡ\" data-language-local-name=\"Kannada\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC\" title=\"Деректер туралы ғылым – Kazakh\" lang=\"kk\" hreflang=\"kk\" data-title=\"Деректер туралы ғылым\" data-language-autonym=\"Қазақша\" data-language-local-name=\"Kazakh\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datu_m%C4%81c%C4%ABba\" title=\"Datu mācība – Latvian\" lang=\"lv\" hreflang=\"lv\" data-title=\"Datu mācība\" data-language-autonym=\"Latviešu\" data-language-local-name=\"Latvian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5\" title=\"Наука за податоците – Macedonian\" lang=\"mk\" hreflang=\"mk\" data-title=\"Наука за податоците\" data-language-autonym=\"Македонски\" data-language-local-name=\"Macedonian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sains_data\" title=\"Sains data – Malay\" lang=\"ms\" hreflang=\"ms\" data-title=\"Sains data\" data-language-autonym=\"Bahasa Melayu\" data-language-local-name=\"Malay\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%B9%E1%80%95%E1%80%B6%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC\" title=\"အချက်အလက်သိပ္ပံပညာ – Burmese\" lang=\"my\" hreflang=\"my\" data-title=\"အချက်အလက်သိပ္ပံပညာ\" data-language-autonym=\"မြန်မာဘာသာ\" data-language-local-name=\"Burmese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datawetenschap\" title=\"Datawetenschap – Dutch\" lang=\"nl\" hreflang=\"nl\" data-title=\"Datawetenschap\" data-language-autonym=\"Nederlands\" data-language-local-name=\"Dutch\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9\" title=\"データサイエンス – Japanese\" lang=\"ja\" hreflang=\"ja\" data-title=\"データサイエンス\" data-language-autonym=\"日本語\" data-language-local-name=\"Japanese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datavitenskap\" title=\"Datavitenskap – Norwegian Bokmål\" lang=\"nb\" hreflang=\"nb\" data-title=\"Datavitenskap\" data-language-autonym=\"Norsk bokmål\" data-language-local-name=\"Norwegian Bokmål\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8\" title=\"ਡਾਟਾ ਸਾਇੰਸ – Punjabi\" lang=\"pa\" hreflang=\"pa\" data-title=\"ਡਾਟਾ ਸਾਇੰਸ\" data-language-autonym=\"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ\" data-language-local-name=\"Punjabi\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danologia\" title=\"Danologia – Polish\" lang=\"pl\" hreflang=\"pl\" data-title=\"Danologia\" data-language-autonym=\"Polski\" data-language-local-name=\"Polish\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%AAncia_de_dados\" title=\"Ciência de dados – Portuguese\" lang=\"pt\" hreflang=\"pt\" data-title=\"Ciência de dados\" data-language-autonym=\"Português\" data-language-local-name=\"Portuguese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willakuy_hamut%27ay\" title=\"Willakuy hamut'ay – Quechua\" lang=\"qu\" hreflang=\"qu\" data-title=\"Willakuy hamut'ay\" data-language-autonym=\"Runa Simi\" data-language-local-name=\"Quechua\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85\" title=\"Наука о данных – Russian\" lang=\"ru\" hreflang=\"ru\" data-title=\"Наука о данных\" data-language-autonym=\"Русский\" data-language-local-name=\"Russian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkenca_e_t%C3%AB_dh%C3%ABnave\" title=\"Shkenca e të dhënave – Albanian\" lang=\"sq\" hreflang=\"sq\" data-title=\"Shkenca e të dhënave\" data-language-autonym=\"Shqip\" data-language-local-name=\"Albanian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_science\" title=\"Data science – Simple English\" lang=\"en-simple\" hreflang=\"en-simple\" data-title=\"Data science\" data-language-autonym=\"Simple English\" data-language-local-name=\"Simple English\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8A%D9%8A%D9%BD%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3\" title=\"ڊيٽا سائنس – Sindhi\" lang=\"sd\" hreflang=\"sd\" data-title=\"ڊيٽا سائنس\" data-language-autonym=\"سنڌي\" data-language-local-name=\"Sindhi\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0\" title=\"Наука о подацима – Serbian\" lang=\"sr\" hreflang=\"sr\" data-title=\"Наука о подацима\" data-language-autonym=\"Српски / srpski\" data-language-local-name=\"Serbian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datatiede\" title=\"Datatiede – Finnish\" lang=\"fi\" hreflang=\"fi\" data-title=\"Datatiede\" data-language-autonym=\"Suomi\" data-language-local-name=\"Finnish\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D\" title=\"தரவு அறிவியல் – Tamil\" lang=\"ta\" hreflang=\"ta\" data-title=\"தரவு அறிவியல்\" data-language-autonym=\"தமிழ்\" data-language-local-name=\"Tamil\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5\" title=\"วิทยาการข้อมูล – Thai\" lang=\"th\" hreflang=\"th\" data-title=\"วิทยาการข้อมูล\" data-language-autonym=\"ไทย\" data-language-local-name=\"Thai\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veri_bilimi\" title=\"Veri bilimi – Turkish\" lang=\"tr\" hreflang=\"tr\" data-title=\"Veri bilimi\" data-language-autonym=\"Türkçe\" data-language-local-name=\"Turkish\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96\" title=\"Наука про дані – Ukrainian\" lang=\"uk\" hreflang=\"uk\" data-title=\"Наука про дані\" data-language-autonym=\"Українська\" data-language-local-name=\"Ukrainian\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3\" title=\"ڈیٹا سائنس – Urdu\" lang=\"ur\" hreflang=\"ur\" data-title=\"ڈیٹا سائنس\" data-language-autonym=\"اردو\" data-language-local-name=\"Urdu\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc_d%E1%BB%AF_li%E1%BB%87u\" title=\"Khoa học dữ liệu – Vietnamese\" lang=\"vi\" hreflang=\"vi\" data-title=\"Khoa học dữ liệu\" data-language-autonym=\"Tiếng Việt\" data-language-local-name=\"Vietnamese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8\" title=\"數據科學 – Cantonese\" lang=\"yue\" hreflang=\"yue\" data-title=\"數據科學\" data-language-autonym=\"粵語\" data-language-local-name=\"Cantonese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class=\"interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6\" title=\"数据科学 – Chinese\" lang=\"zh\" hreflang=\"zh\" data-title=\"数据科学\" data-language-autonym=\"中文\" data-language-local-name=\"Chinese\" class=\"interlanguage-link-target\"><span>中文</span></a></li>"
## [158] "\t\t\t<div class=\"after-portlet after-portlet-lang\"><span class=\"wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link\"><a href=\"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2374463#sitelinks-wikipedia\" title=\"Edit interlanguage links\" class=\"wbc-editpage\">Edit links</a></span></div>"
## [159] "\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-page-toolbar\">"
## [160] "\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-page-toolbar-container\">"
## [161] "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Namespaces\">"
## [162] "<div id=\"p-associated-pages\" class=\"vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages\" >"
## [163] "\t\t\t<li id=\"ca-nstab-main\" class=\"selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/wiki/Data_science\" title=\"View the content page [c]\" accesskey=\"c\"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id=\"ca-talk\" class=\"vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/wiki/Talk:Data_science\" rel=\"discussion\" title=\"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\" accesskey=\"t\"><span>Talk</span></a></li>"
## [164] "<div id=\"vector-variants-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown emptyPortlet\" >"
## [165] "\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox \" aria-label=\"Change language variant\" >"
## [166] "\t<label id=\"vector-variants-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet\" aria-hidden=\"true\" ><span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">English</span>"
## [167] "\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">"
## [168] "<div id=\"p-variants\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet\" >"
## [169] "\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"right-navigation\" class=\"vector-collapsible\">"
## [170] "<div id=\"p-views\" class=\"vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views\" >"
## [171] "\t\t\t<li id=\"ca-view\" class=\"selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/wiki/Data_science\"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id=\"ca-edit\" class=\"vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Data_science&action=edit\" title=\"Edit this page [e]\" accesskey=\"e\"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id=\"ca-history\" class=\"vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Data_science&action=history\" title=\"Past revisions of this page [h]\" accesskey=\"h\"><span>View history</span></a></li>"
## [172] "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"vector-page-tools-landmark\" aria-label=\"Page tools\">"
## [173] "<div id=\"vector-page-tools-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown\" >"
## [174] "\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox \" aria-label=\"Tools\" >"
## [175] "\t<label id=\"vector-page-tools-dropdown-label\" for=\"vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet\" aria-hidden=\"true\" ><span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Tools</span>"
## [176] "\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">"
## [177] "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"vector-page-tools-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">"
## [178] "<div id=\"vector-page-tools\" class=\"vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element\">"
## [179] "\tclass=\"vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned\""
## [180] "\tdata-feature-name=\"page-tools-pinned\""
## [181] "\tdata-pinnable-element-id=\"vector-page-tools\""
## [182] "\tdata-pinned-container-id=\"vector-page-tools-pinned-container\""
## [183] "\tdata-unpinned-container-id=\"vector-page-tools-unpinned-container\""
## [184] "\t<div class=\"vector-pinnable-header-label\">Tools</div>"
## [185] "\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin\">move to sidebar</button>"
## [186] "\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin\">hide</button>"
## [187] "<div id=\"p-cactions\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items\" title=\"More options\" >"
## [188] "\t\t\t<li id=\"ca-more-view\" class=\"selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/wiki/Data_science\"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id=\"ca-more-edit\" class=\"vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Data_science&action=edit\" title=\"Edit this page [e]\" accesskey=\"e\"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id=\"ca-more-history\" class=\"vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Data_science&action=history\"><span>View history</span></a></li>"
## [189] "<div id=\"p-tb\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb\" >"
## [190] "\t\t\t<li id=\"t-whatlinkshere\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Data_science\" title=\"List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]\" accesskey=\"j\"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id=\"t-recentchangeslinked\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Data_science\" rel=\"nofollow\" title=\"Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]\" accesskey=\"k\"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id=\"t-upload\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard\" title=\"Upload files [u]\" accesskey=\"u\"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id=\"t-permalink\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Data_science&oldid=1280929370\" title=\"Permanent link to this revision of this page\"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id=\"t-info\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Data_science&action=info\" title=\"More information about this page\"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id=\"t-cite\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Data_science&id=1280929370&wpFormIdentifier=titleform\" title=\"Information on how to cite this page\"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id=\"t-urlshortener\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FData_science\"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id=\"t-urlshortener-qrcode\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FData_science\"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li>"
## [191] "<div id=\"p-coll-print_export\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export\" >"
## [192] "\t\tPrint/export"
## [193] "\t\t\t<li id=\"coll-download-as-rl\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Data_science&action=show-download-screen\" title=\"Download this page as a PDF file\"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id=\"t-print\" class=\"mw-list-item\"><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Data_science&printable=yes\" title=\"Printable version of this page [p]\" accesskey=\"p\"><span>Printable version</span></a></li>"
## [194] "<div id=\"p-wikibase-otherprojects\" class=\"vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects\" >"
## [195] "\t\tIn other projects"
## [196] "\t\t\t<li class=\"wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Data_science\" hreflang=\"en\"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class=\"wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Data_Science:_An_Introduction\" hreflang=\"en\"><span>Wikibooks</span></a></li><li class=\"wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Data_science\" hreflang=\"en\"><span>Wikiversity</span></a></li><li class=\"wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wiktionary mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/data_science\" hreflang=\"en\"><span>Wiktionary</span></a></li><li id=\"t-wikibase\" class=\"wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item\"><a href=\"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2374463\" title=\"Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]\" accesskey=\"g\"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li>"
## [197] "\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-pinned-container\">"
## [198] "\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"vector-page-tools-landmark\" aria-label=\"Page tools\">"
## [199] "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"vector-page-tools-pinned-container\" class=\"vector-pinned-container\">"
## [200] "\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"vector-appearance-landmark\" aria-label=\"Appearance\">"
## [201] "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"vector-appearance-pinned-container\" class=\"vector-pinned-container\">"
## [202] "\t\t\t\t<div id=\"vector-appearance\" class=\"vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element\">"
## [203] "\tclass=\"vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned\""
## [204] "\tdata-feature-name=\"appearance-pinned\""
## [205] "\tdata-pinnable-element-id=\"vector-appearance\""
## [206] "\tdata-pinned-container-id=\"vector-appearance-pinned-container\""
## [207] "\tdata-unpinned-container-id=\"vector-appearance-unpinned-container\""
## [208] "\t<div class=\"vector-pinnable-header-label\">Appearance</div>"
## [209] "\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin\">move to sidebar</button>"
## [210] "\t<button class=\"vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button\" data-event-name=\"pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin\">hide</button>"
## [211] "\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"siteSub\" class=\"noprint\">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>"
## [212] "\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mw-content-text\" class=\"mw-body-content\"><div class=\"mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"><div class=\"shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux\" style=\"display:none\">Field of study to extract knowledge from data</div>"
## [213] "<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1236090951\">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role=\"note\" class=\"hatnote navigation-not-searchable\">Not to be confused with <a href=\"/wiki/Information_science\" title=\"Information science\">information science</a> or <a href=\"/wiki/Computer_science\" title=\"Computer science\">computer science</a>.</div>"
## [214] "<p class=\"mw-empty-elt\">"
## [215] "</p>"
## [216] "<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File/Thumb\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:PIA23792-1600x1200(1).jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/PIA23792-1600x1200%281%29.jpg/250px-PIA23792-1600x1200%281%29.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"165\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/PIA23792-1600x1200%281%29.jpg/330px-PIA23792-1600x1200%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/PIA23792-1600x1200%281%29.jpg/500px-PIA23792-1600x1200%281%29.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"1600\" data-file-height=\"1200\" /></a><figcaption>The existence of <a href=\"/wiki/Comet_NEOWISE\" title=\"Comet NEOWISE\">Comet NEOWISE</a> (here depicted as a series of red dots) was discovered by analyzing <a href=\"/wiki/Astronomical_survey\" title=\"Astronomical survey\">astronomical survey</a> data acquired by a <a href=\"/wiki/Space_telescope\" title=\"Space telescope\">space telescope</a>, the <a href=\"/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer\" title=\"Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer\">Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer</a>.</figcaption></figure>"
## [217] "<p><b>Data science</b> is an <a href=\"/wiki/Interdisciplinary\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Interdisciplinary\">interdisciplinary</a> academic field<sup id=\"cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-1\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>1<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup> that uses <a href=\"/wiki/Statistics\" title=\"Statistics\">statistics</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Scientific_computing\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Scientific computing\">scientific computing</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Scientific_method\" title=\"Scientific method\">scientific methods</a>, processing, <a href=\"/wiki/Scientific_visualization\" title=\"Scientific visualization\">scientific visualization</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Algorithm\" title=\"Algorithm\">algorithms</a> and systems to extract or extrapolate <a href=\"/wiki/Knowledge\" title=\"Knowledge\">knowledge</a> from potentially noisy, <a href=\"/wiki/Data_model\" title=\"Data model\">structured</a>, or <a href=\"/wiki/Unstructured_data\" title=\"Unstructured data\">unstructured data</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-2\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>2<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup> "
## [218] "</p><p>Data science also integrates domain knowledge from the underlying application domain (e.g., natural sciences, information technology, and medicine).<sup id=\"cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-3\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>3<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup> Data science is multifaceted and can be described as a science, a research paradigm, a research method, a discipline, a workflow, and a profession.<sup id=\"cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-4\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>4<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup>"
## [219] "</p><p>Data science is \"a concept to unify <a href=\"/wiki/Statistics\" title=\"Statistics\">statistics</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Data_analysis\" title=\"Data analysis\">data analysis</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Informatics\" title=\"Informatics\">informatics</a>, and their related <a href=\"/wiki/Scientific_method\" title=\"Scientific method\">methods</a>\" to \"understand and analyze actual <a href=\"/wiki/Phenomena\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Phenomena\">phenomena</a>\" with <a href=\"/wiki/Data\" title=\"Data\">data</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-5\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>5<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup> It uses techniques and theories drawn from many fields within the context of <a href=\"/wiki/Mathematics\" title=\"Mathematics\">mathematics</a>, statistics, <a href=\"/wiki/Computer_science\" title=\"Computer science\">computer science</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Information_science\" title=\"Information science\">information science</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Domain_knowledge\" title=\"Domain knowledge\">domain knowledge</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_6-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-6\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>6<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup> However, data science is different from <a href=\"/wiki/Computer_science\" title=\"Computer science\">computer science</a> and information science. <a href=\"/wiki/Turing_Award\" title=\"Turing Award\">Turing Award</a> winner <a href=\"/wiki/Jim_Gray_(computer_scientist)\" title=\"Jim Gray (computer scientist)\">Jim Gray</a> imagined data science as a \"fourth paradigm\" of science (<a href=\"/wiki/Empirical_research\" title=\"Empirical research\">empirical</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Basic_research\" title=\"Basic research\">theoretical</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Computational_science\" title=\"Computational science\">computational</a>, and now data-driven) and asserted that \"everything about science is changing because of the impact of <a href=\"/wiki/Information_technology\" title=\"Information technology\">information technology</a>\" and the <a href=\"/wiki/Information_explosion\" title=\"Information explosion\">data deluge</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-TansleyTolle2009_7-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-TansleyTolle2009-7\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>7<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-BellHey2009_8-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-BellHey2009-8\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>8<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup>"
## [220] "</p><p>A <b>data scientist</b> is a professional who creates programming code and combines it with statistical knowledge to summarize data.<sup id=\"cite_ref-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-9\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>9<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup>"
## [221] "</p>"
## [222] "<meta property=\"mw:PageProp/toc\" />"
## [223] "<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"Foundations\">Foundations</h2><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Data_science&action=edit&section=1\" title=\"Edit section: Foundations\"><span>edit</span></a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></div>"
## [224] "<p>Data science is an <a href=\"/wiki/Interdisciplinarity\" title=\"Interdisciplinarity\">interdisciplinary</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Academic_discipline\" title=\"Academic discipline\">field</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-10\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>10<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup> focused on <a href=\"/wiki/Knowledge_extraction\" title=\"Knowledge extraction\">extracting knowledge</a> from typically <a href=\"/wiki/Big_data\" title=\"Big data\">large</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Data_set\" title=\"Data set\">data sets</a> and applying the knowledge from that data to solve problems in other application domains. The field encompasses preparing data for analysis, formulating data science problems, <a href=\"/wiki/Analysis\" title=\"Analysis\">analyzing</a> data, and summarizing these findings. As such, it incorporates skills from computer science, mathematics, <a href=\"/wiki/Data_visualization\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Data visualization\">data visualization</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Graphic_design\" title=\"Graphic design\">graphic design</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Communication\" title=\"Communication\">communication</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Business\" title=\"Business\">business</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-11\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-11\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>11<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup>"
## [225] "</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Vasant_Dhar\" title=\"Vasant Dhar\">Vasant Dhar</a> writes that statistics emphasizes quantitative data and description. In contrast, data science deals with quantitative and qualitative data (e.g., from images, text, sensors, transactions, customer information, etc.) and emphasizes prediction and action.<sup id=\"cite_ref-12\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-12\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>12<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup> <a href=\"/wiki/Andrew_Gelman\" title=\"Andrew Gelman\">Andrew Gelman</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Columbia_University\" title=\"Columbia University\">Columbia University</a> has described statistics as a non-essential part of data science.<sup id=\"cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-13\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>13<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup> Stanford professor <a href=\"/wiki/David_Donoho\" title=\"David Donoho\">David Donoho</a> writes that data science is not distinguished from statistics by the size of datasets or use of computing and that many graduate programs misleadingly advertise their analytics and statistics training as the essence of a data-science program. He describes data science as an applied field growing out of traditional statistics.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:7_14-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-14\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup>"
## [226] "</p>"
## [227] "<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"Etymology\">Etymology</h2><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Data_science&action=edit&section=2\" title=\"Edit section: Etymology\"><span>edit</span></a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></div>"
## [228] "<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"Early_usage\">Early usage</h3><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Data_science&action=edit&section=3\" title=\"Edit section: Early usage\"><span>edit</span></a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></div>"
## [229] "<p>In 1962, <a href=\"/wiki/John_Tukey\" title=\"John Tukey\">John Tukey</a> described a field he called \"<a href=\"/wiki/Data_analysis\" title=\"Data analysis\">data analysis</a>\", which resembles modern data science.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:7_14-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:7-14\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>14<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, in a lecture given to the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, <a href=\"/wiki/C._F._Jeff_Wu\" title=\"C. F. Jeff Wu\">C. F. Jeff Wu</a> used the term \"data science\" for the first time as an alternative name for statistics.<sup id=\"cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-15\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>15<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup> Later, attendees at a 1992 statistics symposium at the <a href=\"/wiki/Montpellier_2_University\" title=\"Montpellier 2 University\">University of Montpellier  II</a> acknowledged the emergence of a new discipline focused on data of various origins and forms, combining established concepts and principles of statistics and data analysis with computing.<sup id=\"cite_ref-16\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-16\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>16<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Murtagh_2018_14_17-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Murtagh_2018_14-17\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>17<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup>"
## [230] "</p><p>The term \"data science\" has been traced back to 1974, when <a href=\"/wiki/Peter_Naur\" title=\"Peter Naur\">Peter Naur</a> proposed it as an alternative name to computer science.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_6-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-6\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>6<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, the International Federation of Classification Societies became the first conference to specifically feature data science as a topic.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:2_6-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:2-6\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>6<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup> However, the definition was still in flux. After the 1985 lecture at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, in 1997 <a href=\"/wiki/C._F._Jeff_Wu\" title=\"C. F. Jeff Wu\">C. F. Jeff Wu</a> again suggested that statistics should be renamed data science. He reasoned that a new name would help statistics shed inaccurate stereotypes, such as being synonymous with accounting or limited to describing data.<sup id=\"cite_ref-18\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-18\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>18<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, Hayashi Chikio argued for data science as a new, interdisciplinary concept, with three aspects: data design, collection, and analysis.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Murtagh_2018_14_17-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-Murtagh_2018_14-17\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>17<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup>"
## [231] "</p>"
## [232] "<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading3\"><h3 id=\"Modern_usage\">Modern usage</h3><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Data_science&action=edit&section=4\" title=\"Edit section: Modern usage\"><span>edit</span></a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></div>"
## [233] "<p>In 2012, technologists <a href=\"/wiki/Thomas_H._Davenport\" title=\"Thomas H. Davenport\">Thomas H. Davenport</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/DJ_Patil\" title=\"DJ Patil\">DJ Patil</a> declared \"Data Scientist: The Sexiest Job of the 21st Century\",<sup id=\"cite_ref-19\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-19\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>19<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup> a catchphrase that was picked up even by major-city newspapers like the <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_Times\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"New York Times\">New York Times</a><sup id=\"cite_ref-20\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-20\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>20<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Boston_Globe\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Boston Globe\">Boston Globe</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-21\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-21\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>21<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup> A decade later, they reaffirmed it, stating that \"the job is more in demand than ever with employers\".<sup id=\"cite_ref-22\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-22\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>22<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup>"
## [234] "</p><p>The modern conception of data science as an independent discipline is sometimes attributed to <a href=\"/wiki/William_S._Cleveland\" title=\"William S. Cleveland\">William S. Cleveland</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-23\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-23\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>23<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, the <a href=\"/wiki/American_Statistical_Association\" title=\"American Statistical Association\">American Statistical Association</a>'s Section on Statistical Learning and Data Mining changed its name to the Section on Statistical Learning and Data Science, reflecting the ascendant popularity of data science.<sup id=\"cite_ref-24\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-24\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>24<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup>"
## [235] "</p><p>The professional title of \"data scientist\" has been attributed to <a href=\"/wiki/DJ_Patil\" title=\"DJ Patil\">DJ Patil</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Jeff_Hammerbacher\" title=\"Jeff Hammerbacher\">Jeff Hammerbacher</a> in 2008.<sup id=\"cite_ref-25\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-25\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>25<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup> Though it was used by the <a href=\"/wiki/National_Science_Board\" title=\"National Science Board\">National Science Board</a> in their 2005 report \"Long-Lived Digital Data Collections: Enabling Research and Education in the 21st Century\", it referred broadly to any key role in managing a digital <a href=\"/wiki/Data_collection\" title=\"Data collection\">data collection</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-26\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-26\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>26<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup>"
## [236] "</p>"
## [237] "<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"Data_science_and_data_analysis\">Data science and data analysis</h2><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Data_science&action=edit&section=5\" title=\"Edit section: Data science and data analysis\"><span>edit</span></a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></div>"
## [238] "<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File/Thumb\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:EDA_example_-_Always_plot_your_data.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description\"><img alt=\"summary statistics and scatterplots showing the Datasaurus dozen data set\" src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/EDA_example_-_Always_plot_your_data.jpg/250px-EDA_example_-_Always_plot_your_data.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"233\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/EDA_example_-_Always_plot_your_data.jpg/330px-EDA_example_-_Always_plot_your_data.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/EDA_example_-_Always_plot_your_data.jpg/500px-EDA_example_-_Always_plot_your_data.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"929\" data-file-height=\"986\" /></a><figcaption>Example for the usefulness of <a href=\"/wiki/Exploratory_data_analysis\" title=\"Exploratory data analysis\">exploratory data analysis</a> as demonstrated using the <a href=\"/wiki/Datasaurus_dozen\" title=\"Datasaurus dozen\">Datasaurus dozen</a> data set</figcaption></figure>"
## [239] "<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File/Thumb\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Data_Science.png\" class=\"mw-file-description\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Data_Science.png/250px-Data_Science.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"156\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Data_Science.png/330px-Data_Science.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Data_Science.png/500px-Data_Science.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"1123\" data-file-height=\"794\" /></a><figcaption>Data science is at the intersection of mathematics, <a href=\"/wiki/Computer_science\" title=\"Computer science\">computer science</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Domain_expertise\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Domain expertise\">domain expertise</a>.</figcaption></figure>"
## [240] "<p>Data analysis typically involves working with structured datasets to answer specific questions or solve specific problems. This can involve tasks such as <a href=\"/wiki/Data_cleaning\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Data cleaning\">data cleaning</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Data_visualization\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Data visualization\">data visualization</a> to summarize data and develop hypotheses about relationships between <a href=\"/wiki/Variable_(research)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Variable (research)\">variables</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Data_analyst\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Data analyst\">Data analysts</a> typically use statistical methods to test these hypotheses and draw conclusions from the data.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:8_27-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:8-27\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>27<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup>"
## [241] "</p><p>Data science involves working with larger datasets that often require advanced computational and statistical methods to analyze. Data scientists often work with <a href=\"/wiki/Unstructured_data\" title=\"Unstructured data\">unstructured data</a> such as text or images and use <a href=\"/wiki/Machine_learning\" title=\"Machine learning\">machine learning</a> algorithms to build predictive models. Data science often uses <a href=\"/wiki/Statistical_analysis\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Statistical analysis\">statistical analysis</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Data_preprocessing\" title=\"Data preprocessing\">data preprocessing</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Supervised_learning\" title=\"Supervised learning\">supervised learning</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:9_28-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:9-28\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>28<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:10_29-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:10-29\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>29<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup>"
## [242] "</p>"
## [243] "<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"Cloud_computing_for_data_science\">Cloud computing for data science</h2><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Data_science&action=edit&section=6\" title=\"Edit section: Cloud computing for data science\"><span>edit</span></a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></div>"
## [244] "<figure class=\"mw-default-size\" typeof=\"mw:File/Thumb\"><a href=\"/wiki/File:Cloud_computing_in_enabling_data_science_at_scale.jpg\" class=\"mw-file-description\"><img src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Cloud_computing_in_enabling_data_science_at_scale.jpg/250px-Cloud_computing_in_enabling_data_science_at_scale.jpg\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"220\" height=\"132\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Cloud_computing_in_enabling_data_science_at_scale.jpg/330px-Cloud_computing_in_enabling_data_science_at_scale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Cloud_computing_in_enabling_data_science_at_scale.jpg/500px-Cloud_computing_in_enabling_data_science_at_scale.jpg 2x\" data-file-width=\"4431\" data-file-height=\"2651\" /></a><figcaption>A cloud-based architecture for enabling big data analytics. Data flows from various sources, such as <a href=\"/wiki/Personal_computer\" title=\"Personal computer\">personal computers</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Laptop\" title=\"Laptop\">laptops</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Smartphone\" title=\"Smartphone\">smart phones</a>, through cloud services for processing and analysis, finally leading to various <a href=\"/wiki/Big_data\" title=\"Big data\">big data</a> applications.</figcaption></figure>"
## [245] "<p><a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_computing\" title=\"Cloud computing\">Cloud computing</a> can offer access to large amounts of computational power and <a href=\"/wiki/Data_storage\" title=\"Data storage\">storage</a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-30\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-30\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>30<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup> In <a href=\"/wiki/Big_data\" title=\"Big data\">big data</a>, where volumes of information are continually generated and processed, these platforms can be used to handle complex and resource-intensive analytical tasks.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:0_31-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:0-31\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>31<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup>"
## [246] "</p><p>Some distributed computing frameworks are designed to handle big data workloads. These frameworks can enable data scientists to process and analyze large datasets in parallel, which can reduce processing times.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:3_32-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:3-32\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>32<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup>"
## [247] "</p>"
## [248] "<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"Ethical_consideration_in_data_science\">Ethical consideration in data science</h2><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Data_science&action=edit&section=7\" title=\"Edit section: Ethical consideration in data science\"><span>edit</span></a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></div>"
## [249] "<p>Data science involves collecting, processing, and analyzing data which often includes personal and sensitive information. Ethical concerns include potential privacy violations, bias perpetuation, and negative societal impacts.<sup id=\"cite_ref-:4_33-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:4-33\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>33<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-:11_34-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-:11-34\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>34<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup>"
## [250] "</p><p>Machine learning models can amplify existing biases present in training data, leading to discriminatory or unfair outcomes.<sup id=\"cite_ref-35\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-35\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>35<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-36\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"#cite_note-36\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[</span>36<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]</span></a></sup>"
## [251] "</p>"
## [252] "<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"See_also\">See also</h2><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Data_science&action=edit&section=8\" title=\"Edit section: See also\"><span>edit</span></a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></div>"
## [253] "<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Python_(programming_language)\" title=\"Python (programming language)\">Python (programming language)</a></li>"
## [254] "<li><a href=\"/wiki/R_(programming_language)\" title=\"R (programming language)\">R (programming language)</a></li>"
## [255] "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Topological_data_analysis\" title=\"Topological data analysis\">Topological data analysis</a></li>"
## [256] "<li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages#Data_science\" title=\"List of free and open-source software packages\">List of open-source data science software</a></li></ul>"
## [257] "<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\"><h2 id=\"References\">References</h2><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[</span><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Data_science&action=edit&section=9\" title=\"Edit section: References\"><span>edit</span></a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]</span></span></div>"
## [258] "<style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1239543626\">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class=\"reflist\">"
## [259] "<div class=\"mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns\"><ol class=\"references\">"
## [260] "<li id=\"cite_note-1\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-1\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1238218222\">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:\"\\\"\"\"\\\"\"\"'\"\"'\"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg\")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg\")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg\")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg\")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id=\"CITEREFDonoho2017\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Donoho, David (2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10618600.2017.1384734\">\"50 Years of Data Science\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Journal_of_Computational_and_Graphical_Statistics\" title=\"Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics\">Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics</a></i>. <b>26</b> (4): <span class=\"nowrap\">745–</span>766. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10618600.2017.1384734\">10.1080/10618600.2017.1384734</a></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:114558008\">114558008</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Computational+and+Graphical+Statistics&rft.atitle=50+Years+of+Data+Science&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=745-766&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10618600.2017.1384734&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A114558008%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Donoho&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F10618600.2017.1384734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [261] "<li id=\"cite_note-2\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-2\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFDhar2013\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Dhar, V. (2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2013/12/169933-data-science-and-prediction/fulltext\">\"Data science and prediction\"</a>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>56</b> (12): <span class=\"nowrap\">64–</span>73. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2500499\">10.1145/2500499</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6107147\">6107147</a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20141109113411/http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2013/12/169933-data-science-and-prediction/fulltext\">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2014<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Data+science+and+prediction&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=64-73&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F2500499&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6107147%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dhar&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcacm.acm.org%2Fmagazines%2F2013%2F12%2F169933-data-science-and-prediction%2Ffulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [262] "<li id=\"cite_note-3\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-3\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFDanylukLeidig2021\" class=\"citation report cs1\">Danyluk, A.; Leidig, P. (2021). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://dstf.acm.org/DSTF_Final_Report.pdf\">Computing Competencies for Undergraduate Data Science Curricula</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span>. <i>ACM Data Science Task Force Final Report</i> (Report).</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Computing+Competencies+for+Undergraduate+Data+Science+Curricula&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Danyluk&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Leidig%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdstf.acm.org%2FDSTF_Final_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [263] "<li id=\"cite_note-4\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-4\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFMikeHazzan2023\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Mike, Koby; Hazzan, Orit (20 January 2023). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3575663\">\"What is Data Science?\"</a>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>66</b> (2): <span class=\"nowrap\">12–</span>13. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3575663\">10.1145/3575663</a></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\">ISSN</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-0782\">0001-0782</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=What+is+Data+Science%3F&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=12-13&rft.date=2023-01-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3575663&rft.issn=0001-0782&rft.aulast=Mike&rft.aufirst=Koby&rft.au=Hazzan%2C+Orit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F3575663&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [264] "<li id=\"cite_note-5\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-5\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFHayashi1998\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Hayashi, Chikio (1 January 1998). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.springer.com/book/9784431702085\">\"What is Data Science ? Fundamental Concepts and a Heuristic Example\"</a>. In Hayashi, Chikio; Yajima, Keiji; Bock, Hans-Hermann; Ohsumi, Noboru; Tanaka, Yutaka; Baba, Yasumasa (eds.). <i>Data Science, Classification, and Related Methods</i>. Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization. Springer Japan. pp. <span class=\"nowrap\">40–</span>51. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-4-431-65950-1_3\">10.1007/978-4-431-65950-1_3</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784431702085\" title=\"Special:BookSources/9784431702085\"><bdi>9784431702085</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+is+Data+Science+%3F+Fundamental+Concepts+and+a+Heuristic+Example&rft.btitle=Data+Science%2C+Classification%2C+and+Related+Methods&rft.series=Studies+in+Classification%2C+Data+Analysis%2C+and+Knowledge+Organization&rft.pages=40-51&rft.pub=Springer+Japan&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-4-431-65950-1_3&rft.isbn=9784431702085&rft.aulast=Hayashi&rft.aufirst=Chikio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fbook%2F9784431702085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [265] "<li id=\"cite_note-:2-6\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_6-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_6-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:2_6-2\"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFCao2017\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Cao, Longbing (29 June 2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3076253\">\"Data Science: A Comprehensive Overview\"</a>. <i>ACM Computing Surveys</i>. <b>50</b> (3): 43:1–43:42. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ArXiv (identifier)\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.03606\">2007.03606</a></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3076253\">10.1145/3076253</a></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\">ISSN</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-0300\">0360-0300</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207595944\">207595944</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+Computing+Surveys&rft.atitle=Data+Science%3A+A+Comprehensive+Overview&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=43%3A1-43%3A42&rft.date=2017-06-29&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2007.03606&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207595944%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0360-0300&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3076253&rft.aulast=Cao&rft.aufirst=Longbing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F3076253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [266] "<li id=\"cite_note-TansleyTolle2009-7\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-TansleyTolle2009_7-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFTony_HeyStewart_TansleyKristin_Michele_Tolle2009\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Tony Hey; Stewart Tansley; Kristin Michele Tolle (2009). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=oGs_AQAAIAAJ\"><i>The Fourth Paradigm: Data-intensive Scientific Discovery</i></a>. Microsoft Research. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9825442-0-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-0-9825442-0-4\"><bdi>978-0-9825442-0-4</bdi></a>. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170320193019/https://books.google.com/books?id=oGs_AQAAIAAJ\">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2017.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fourth+Paradigm%3A+Data-intensive+Scientific+Discovery&rft.pub=Microsoft+Research&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9825442-0-4&rft.au=Tony+Hey&rft.au=Stewart+Tansley&rft.au=Kristin+Michele+Tolle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoGs_AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [267] "<li id=\"cite_note-BellHey2009-8\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-BellHey2009_8-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFBellHeySzalay2009\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Bell, G.; Hey, T.; Szalay, A. (2009). \"Computer Science: Beyond the Data Deluge\". <i>Science</i>. <b>323</b> (5919): <span class=\"nowrap\">1297–</span>1298. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1170411\">10.1126/science.1170411</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\">ISSN</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075\">0036-8075</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\">PMID</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19265007\">19265007</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9743327\">9743327</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Computer+Science%3A+Beyond+the+Data+Deluge&rft.volume=323&rft.issue=5919&rft.pages=1297-1298&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9743327%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19265007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1170411&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Hey%2C+T.&rft.au=Szalay%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [268] "<li id=\"cite_note-9\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-9\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFDavenportPatil2012\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Davenport, Thomas H.; Patil, D. J. (October 2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://hbr.org/2012/10/data-scientist-the-sexiest-job-of-the-21st-century/\">\"Data Scientist: The Sexiest Job of the 21st Century\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review\" title=\"Harvard Business Review\">Harvard Business Review</a></i>. <b>90</b> (10): <span class=\"nowrap\">70–</span>76, 128. <a href=\"/wiki/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\">PMID</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23074866\">23074866</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">18 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+Review&rft.atitle=Data+Scientist%3A+The+Sexiest+Job+of+the+21st+Century&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=70-76%2C+128&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23074866&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Thomas+H.&rft.au=Patil%2C+D.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhbr.org%2F2012%2F10%2Fdata-scientist-the-sexiest-job-of-the-21st-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [269] "<li id=\"cite_note-10\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-10\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFEmmert-StreibDehmer2018\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Emmert-Streib, Frank; Dehmer, Matthias (2018). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmake1010015\">\"Defining data science by a data-driven quantification of the community\"</a>. <i>Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction</i>. <b>1</b>: <span class=\"nowrap\">235–</span>251. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmake1010015\">10.3390/make1010015</a></span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Machine+Learning+and+Knowledge+Extraction&rft.atitle=Defining+data+science+by+a+data-driven+quantification+of+the+community&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=235-251&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fmake1010015&rft.aulast=Emmert-Streib&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Dehmer%2C+Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fmake1010015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [270] "<li id=\"cite_note-11\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-11\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/doing-data-science/9781449363871/ch01.html\">\"1. Introduction: What Is Data Science?\"</a>. <i>Doing Data Science [Book]</i>. O’Reilly<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Doing+Data+Science+%5BBook%5D&rft.atitle=1.+Introduction%3A+What+Is+Data+Science%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oreilly.com%2Flibrary%2Fview%2Fdoing-data-science%2F9781449363871%2Fch01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [271] "<li id=\"cite_note-12\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-12\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFVasant_Dhar2013\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Vasant Dhar (1 December 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://archive.nyu.edu/handle/2451/31553\">\"Data science and prediction\"</a>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>56</b> (12): <span class=\"nowrap\">64–</span>73. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2500499\">10.1145/2500499</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"S2CID (identifier)\">S2CID</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6107147\">6107147</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Data+science+and+prediction&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=64-73&rft.date=2013-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F2500499&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6107147%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Vasant+Dhar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.nyu.edu%2Fhandle%2F2451%2F31553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [272] "<li id=\"cite_note-13\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-13\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu/2013/11/14/statistics-least-important-part-data-science/\">\"Statistics is the least important part of data science « Statistical Modeling, Causal Inference, and Social Science\"</a>. <i>statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu&rft.atitle=Statistics+is+the+least+important+part+of+data+science+%C2%AB+Statistical+Modeling%2C+Causal+Inference%2C+and+Social+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatmodeling.stat.columbia.edu%2F2013%2F11%2F14%2Fstatistics-least-important-part-data-science%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [273] "<li id=\"cite_note-:7-14\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_14-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-:7_14-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFDonoho2015\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Donoho, David (18 September 2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://courses.csail.mit.edu/18.337/2015/docs/50YearsDataScience.pdf\">\"50 years of Data Science\"</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=50+years+of+Data+Science&rft.date=2015-09-18&rft.aulast=Donoho&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcourses.csail.mit.edu%2F18.337%2F2015%2Fdocs%2F50YearsDataScience.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [274] "<li id=\"cite_note-15\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-15\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFWu1986\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Wu, C. F. Jeff (1986). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www2.isye.gatech.edu/~jeffwu/publications/fazhan.pdf\">\"Future directions of statistical research in China: a historical perspective\"</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href=\"/w/index.php?title=Application_of_Statistics_and_Management&action=edit&redlink=1\" class=\"new\" title=\"Application of Statistics and Management (page does not exist)\">Application of Statistics and Management</a></i>. <b>1</b>: <span class=\"nowrap\">1–</span>7<span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">29 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Application+of+Statistics+and+Management&rft.atitle=Future+directions+of+statistical+research+in+China%3A+a+historical+perspective&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=C.+F.+Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.isye.gatech.edu%2F~jeffwu%2Fpublications%2Ffazhan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [275] "<li id=\"cite_note-16\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-16\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFEscoufierHayashiFichet1995\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Escoufier, Yves; Hayashi, Chikio; Fichet, Bernard, eds. (1995). <i>Data science and its applications</i>. Tokyo: Academic Press/Harcourt Brace. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-241770-4\" title=\"Special:BookSources/0-12-241770-4\"><bdi>0-12-241770-4</bdi></a>. <a href=\"/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"OCLC (identifier)\">OCLC</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/489990740\">489990740</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Data+science+and+its+applications&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Academic+Press%2FHarcourt+Brace&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F489990740&rft.isbn=0-12-241770-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [276] "<li id=\"cite_note-Murtagh_2018_14-17\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\">^ <a href=\"#cite_ref-Murtagh_2018_14_17-0\"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href=\"#cite_ref-Murtagh_2018_14_17-1\"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFMurtaghDevlin2018\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Murtagh, Fionn; Devlin, Keith (2018). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fbdcc2020014\">\"The Development of Data Science: Implications for Education, Employment, Research, and the Data Revolution for Sustainable Development\"</a>. <i>Big Data and Cognitive Computing</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 14. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fbdcc2020014\">10.3390/bdcc2020014</a></span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Big+Data+and+Cognitive+Computing&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Data+Science%3A+Implications+for+Education%2C+Employment%2C+Research%2C+and+the+Data+Revolution+for+Sustainable+Development&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fbdcc2020014&rft.aulast=Murtagh&rft.aufirst=Fionn&rft.au=Devlin%2C+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fbdcc2020014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [277] "<li id=\"cite_note-18\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-18\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFWu\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Wu, C. F. Jeff. <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www2.isye.gatech.edu/~jeffwu/presentations/datascience.pdf\">\"Statistics=Data Science?\"</a> <span class=\"cs1-format\">(PDF)</span><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics%3DData+Science%3F&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=C.+F.+Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.isye.gatech.edu%2F~jeffwu%2Fpresentations%2Fdatascience.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [278] "<li id=\"cite_note-19\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-19\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFDavenport2012\" class=\"citation magazine cs1\">Davenport, Thomas (1 October 2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://hbr.org/2012/10/data-scientist-the-sexiest-job-of-the-21st-century\">\"Data Scientist: The Sexiest Job of the 21st Century\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review\" title=\"Harvard Business Review\">Harvard Business Review</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">10 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+Review&rft.atitle=Data+Scientist%3A+The+Sexiest+Job+of+the+21st+Century&rft.date=2012-10-01&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhbr.org%2F2012%2F10%2Fdata-scientist-the-sexiest-job-of-the-21st-century&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [279] "<li id=\"cite_note-20\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-20\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFMiller2013\" class=\"citation news cs1\">Miller, Claire (4 April 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/14/education/edlife/universities-offer-courses-in-a-hot-new-field-data-science.html\">\"Data Science: The Numbers of Our Lives\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/New_York_Times\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"New York Times\">New York Times</a></i>. <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_City\" title=\"New York City\">New York City</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">10 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Data+Science%3A+The+Numbers+of+Our+Lives&rft.date=2013-04-04&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F04%2F14%2Feducation%2Fedlife%2Funiversities-offer-courses-in-a-hot-new-field-data-science.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [280] "<li id=\"cite_note-21\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-21\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFBorchers2015\" class=\"citation news cs1\">Borchers, Callum (11 November 2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2015/11/11/behind-scenes-sexiest-job-century/Kc1cvXIu31DfHhVmyRQeIJ/story.html\">\"Behind the scenes of the 'sexiest job of the 21st century'<span class=\"cs1-kern-right\"></span>\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Boston_Globe\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Boston Globe\">Boston Globe</a></i>. <a href=\"/wiki/Boston\" title=\"Boston\">Boston</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">10 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Behind+the+scenes+of+the+%27sexiest+job+of+the+21st+century%27&rft.date=2015-11-11&rft.aulast=Borchers&rft.aufirst=Callum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fbusiness%2F2015%2F11%2F11%2Fbehind-scenes-sexiest-job-century%2FKc1cvXIu31DfHhVmyRQeIJ%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [281] "<li id=\"cite_note-22\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-22\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFDavenport2022\" class=\"citation magazine cs1\">Davenport, Thomas (15 July 2022). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://hbr.org/2022/07/is-data-scientist-still-the-sexiest-job-of-the-21st-century\">\"Is Data Scientist Still the Sexiest Job of the 21st Century?\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review\" title=\"Harvard Business Review\">Harvard Business Review</a></i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">10 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+Review&rft.atitle=Is+Data+Scientist+Still+the+Sexiest+Job+of+the+21st+Century%3F&rft.date=2022-07-15&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhbr.org%2F2022%2F07%2Fis-data-scientist-still-the-sexiest-job-of-the-21st-century&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [282] "<li id=\"cite_note-23\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-23\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFGupta2015\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Gupta, Shanti (11 December 2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.stat.purdue.edu/~wsc/\">\"William S. Cleveland\"</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">2 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+S.+Cleveland&rft.date=2015-12-11&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Shanti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.purdue.edu%2F~wsc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [283] "<li id=\"cite_note-24\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-24\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFTalley2016\" class=\"citation news cs1\">Talley, Jill (1 June 2016). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://magazine.amstat.org/blog/2016/06/01/datascience-2/\">\"ASA Expands Scope, Outreach to Foster Growth, Collaboration in Data Science\"</a>. <i>Amstat News</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/American_Statistical_Association\" title=\"American Statistical Association\">American Statistical Association</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amstat+News&rft.atitle=ASA+Expands+Scope%2C+Outreach+to+Foster+Growth%2C+Collaboration+in+Data+Science&rft.date=2016-06-01&rft.aulast=Talley&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmagazine.amstat.org%2Fblog%2F2016%2F06%2F01%2Fdatascience-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span>. In 2013 the first European Conference on Data Analysis (ECDA2013) started in Luxembourg the process which founded the European Association for Data Science (EuADS) www.euads.org in Luxembourg in 2015. </span>"
## [284] "<li id=\"cite_note-25\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-25\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFDavenportPatil2012\" class=\"citation news cs1\">Davenport, Thomas H.; Patil, D. J. (1 October 2012). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://hbr.org/2012/10/data-scientist-the-sexiest-job-of-the-21st-century\">\"Data Scientist: The Sexiest Job of the 21st Century\"</a>. <i>Harvard Business Review</i>. No. October 2012. <a href=\"/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\">ISSN</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-8012\">0017-8012</a><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+Review&rft.atitle=Data+Scientist%3A+The+Sexiest+Job+of+the+21st+Century&rft.issue=October+2012&rft.date=2012-10-01&rft.issn=0017-8012&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Thomas+H.&rft.au=Patil%2C+D.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhbr.org%2F2012%2F10%2Fdata-scientist-the-sexiest-job-of-the-21st-century&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [285] "<li id=\"cite_note-26\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-26\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite class=\"citation web cs1\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2005/nsb0540/\">\"US NSF – NSB-05-40, Long-Lived Digital Data Collections Enabling Research and Education in the 21st Century\"</a>. <i>www.nsf.gov</i><span class=\"reference-accessdate\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nsf.gov&rft.atitle=US+NSF+%E2%80%93+NSB-05-40%2C+Long-Lived+Digital+Data+Collections+Enabling+Research+and+Education+in+the+21st+Century&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fpubs%2F2005%2Fnsb0540%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [286] "<li id=\"cite_note-:8-27\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-:8_27-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFJamesWittenHastieTibshirani2017\" class=\"citation book cs1\"><a href=\"/wiki/Gareth_M._James\" title=\"Gareth M. James\">James, Gareth</a>; <a href=\"/wiki/Daniela_Witten\" title=\"Daniela Witten\">Witten, Daniela</a>; <a href=\"/wiki/Trevor_Hastie\" title=\"Trevor Hastie\">Hastie, Trevor</a>; <a href=\"/wiki/Robert_Tibshirani\" title=\"Robert Tibshirani\">Tibshirani, Robert</a> (29 September 2017). <i>An Introduction to Statistical Learning: with Applications in R</i>. Springer.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Statistical+Learning%3A+with+Applications+in+R.&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017-09-29&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rft.au=Witten%2C+Daniela&rft.au=Hastie%2C+Trevor&rft.au=Tibshirani%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [287] "<li id=\"cite_note-:9-28\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-:9_28-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFProvostTom_Fawcett2013\" class=\"citation web cs1\">Provost, Foster; Tom Fawcett (1 August 2013). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256438799\">\"Data Science for Business: What You Need to Know about Data Mining and Data-Analytic Thinking\"</a>. <i>O'Reilly Media, Inc</i>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=O%27Reilly+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.atitle=Data+Science+for+Business%3A+What+You+Need+to+Know+about+Data+Mining+and+Data-Analytic+Thinking.&rft.date=2013-08-01&rft.aulast=Provost&rft.aufirst=Foster&rft.au=Tom+Fawcett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F256438799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [288] "<li id=\"cite_note-:10-29\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-:10_29-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFHanPei2011\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Han, Kamber; Pei (2011). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780123814791/data-mining-concepts-and-techniques\"><i>Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques</i></a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123814791\" title=\"Special:BookSources/9780123814791\"><bdi>9780123814791</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Data+Mining%3A+Concepts+and+Techniques.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780123814791&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=Kamber&rft.au=Pei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fbook%2F9780123814791%2Fdata-mining-concepts-and-techniques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [289] "<li id=\"cite_note-30\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-30\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFHashemYaqoobAnuarMokhtar2015\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Hashem, Ibrahim Abaker Targio; Yaqoob, Ibrar; Anuar, Nor Badrul; Mokhtar, Salimah; Gani, Abdullah; Ullah Khan, Samee (2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306437914001288\">\"The rise of \"big data\" on cloud computing: Review and open research issues\"</a>. <i>Information Systems</i>. <b>47</b>: <span class=\"nowrap\">98–</span>115. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.is.2014.07.006\">10.1016/j.is.2014.07.006</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+Systems&rft.atitle=The+rise+of+%22big+data%22+on+cloud+computing%3A+Review+and+open+research+issues&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=98-115&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.is.2014.07.006&rft.aulast=Hashem&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim+Abaker+Targio&rft.au=Yaqoob%2C+Ibrar&rft.au=Anuar%2C+Nor+Badrul&rft.au=Mokhtar%2C+Salimah&rft.au=Gani%2C+Abdullah&rft.au=Ullah+Khan%2C+Samee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0306437914001288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [290] "<li id=\"cite_note-:0-31\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-:0_31-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFQiuWuDingXu2016\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Qiu, Junfei; Wu, Qihui; Ding, Guoru; Xu, Yuhua; Feng, Shuo (2016). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13634-016-0355-x\">\"A survey of machine learning for big data processing\"</a>. <i>EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing</i>. <b>2016</b> (1). <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13634-016-0355-x\">10.1186/s13634-016-0355-x</a></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\">ISSN</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1687-6180\">1687-6180</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EURASIP+Journal+on+Advances+in+Signal+Processing&rft.atitle=A+survey+of+machine+learning+for+big+data+processing&rft.volume=2016&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13634-016-0355-x&rft.issn=1687-6180&rft.aulast=Qiu&rft.aufirst=Junfei&rft.au=Wu%2C+Qihui&rft.au=Ding%2C+Guoru&rft.au=Xu%2C+Yuhua&rft.au=Feng%2C+Shuo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1186%252Fs13634-016-0355-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [291] "<li id=\"cite_note-:3-32\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-:3_32-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFArmbrustXinLianHuai2015\" class=\"citation book cs1\">Armbrust, Michael; Xin, Reynold S.; Lian, Cheng; Huai, Yin; Liu, Davies; Bradley, Joseph K.; Meng, Xiangrui; Kaftan, Tomer; Franklin, Michael J.; Ghodsi, Ali; Zaharia, Matei (27 May 2015). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2723372.2742797\">\"Spark SQL: Relational Data Processing in Spark\"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the 2015 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data</i>. ACM. pp. <span class=\"nowrap\">1383–</span>1394. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2723372.2742797\">10.1145/2723372.2742797</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\">ISBN</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-2758-9\" title=\"Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-2758-9\"><bdi>978-1-4503-2758-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spark+SQL%3A+Relational+Data+Processing+in+Spark&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2015+ACM+SIGMOD+International+Conference+on+Management+of+Data&rft.pages=1383-1394&rft.pub=ACM&rft.date=2015-05-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F2723372.2742797&rft.isbn=978-1-4503-2758-9&rft.aulast=Armbrust&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Xin%2C+Reynold+S.&rft.au=Lian%2C+Cheng&rft.au=Huai%2C+Yin&rft.au=Liu%2C+Davies&rft.au=Bradley%2C+Joseph+K.&rft.au=Meng%2C+Xiangrui&rft.au=Kaftan%2C+Tomer&rft.au=Franklin%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Ghodsi%2C+Ali&rft.au=Zaharia%2C+Matei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1145%2F2723372.2742797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [292] "<li id=\"cite_note-:4-33\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-:4_33-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFFloridiTaddeo2016\" class=\"citation journal cs1\"><a href=\"/wiki/Luciano_Floridi\" title=\"Luciano Floridi\">Floridi, Luciano</a>; <a href=\"/wiki/Mariarosaria_Taddeo\" title=\"Mariarosaria Taddeo\">Taddeo, Mariarosaria</a> (28 December 2016). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5124072\">\"What is data ethics?\"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</i>. <b>374</b> (2083): 20160360. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016RSPTA.37460360F\">2016RSPTA.37460360F</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.2016.0360\">10.1098/rsta.2016.0360</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\">ISSN</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1364-503X\">1364-503X</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PMC_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PMC (identifier)\">PMC</a> <span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5124072\">5124072</a></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\">PMID</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28336805\">28336805</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+A%3A+Mathematical%2C+Physical+and+Engineering+Sciences&rft.atitle=What+is+data+ethics%3F&rft.volume=374&rft.issue=2083&rft.pages=20160360&rft.date=2016-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5124072%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016RSPTA.37460360F&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28336805&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.2016.0360&rft.issn=1364-503X&rft.aulast=Floridi&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rft.au=Taddeo%2C+Mariarosaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5124072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [293] "<li id=\"cite_note-:11-34\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-:11_34-0\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFMittelstadtFloridi2016\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Mittelstadt, Brent Daniel; Floridi, Luciano (2016). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11948-015-9652-2\">\"The Ethics of Big Data: Current and Foreseeable Issues in Biomedical Contexts\"</a>. <i>Science and Engineering Ethics</i>. <b>22</b> (2): <span class=\"nowrap\">303–</span>341. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11948-015-9652-2\">10.1007/s11948-015-9652-2</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\">ISSN</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1353-3452\">1353-3452</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/PMID_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\">PMID</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26002496\">26002496</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+and+Engineering+Ethics&rft.atitle=The+Ethics+of+Big+Data%3A+Current+and+Foreseeable+Issues+in+Biomedical+Contexts&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=303-341&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=1353-3452&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26002496&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11948-015-9652-2&rft.aulast=Mittelstadt&rft.aufirst=Brent+Daniel&rft.au=Floridi%2C+Luciano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs11948-015-9652-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [294] "<li id=\"cite_note-35\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-35\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFBarocasSelbst2016\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Barocas, Solon; Selbst, Andrew D (2016). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/1127463\">\"Big Data's Disparate Impact\"</a>. <i>California Law Review</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.15779%2FZ38BG31\">10.15779/Z38BG31</a> – via Berkeley Law Library Catalog.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Big+Data%27s+Disparate+Impact&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15779%2FZ38BG31&rft.aulast=Barocas&rft.aufirst=Solon&rft.au=Selbst%2C+Andrew+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flawcat.berkeley.edu%2Frecord%2F1127463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [295] "<li id=\"cite_note-36\"><span class=\"mw-cite-backlink\"><b><a href=\"#cite_ref-36\">^</a></b></span> <span class=\"reference-text\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222\" /><cite id=\"CITEREFCaliskanBrysonNarayanan2017\" class=\"citation journal cs1\">Caliskan, Aylin; <a href=\"/wiki/Joanna_Bryson\" title=\"Joanna Bryson\">Bryson, Joanna J.</a>; <a href=\"/wiki/Arvind_Narayanan\" title=\"Arvind Narayanan\">Narayanan, Arvind</a> (14 April 2017). <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aal4230\">\"Semantics derived automatically from language corpora contain human-like biases\"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>356</b> (6334): <span class=\"nowrap\">183–</span>186. <a href=\"/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ArXiv (identifier)\">arXiv</a>:<span class=\"id-lock-free\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.07187\">1608.07187</a></span>. <a href=\"/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Bibcode (identifier)\">Bibcode</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Sci...356..183C\">2017Sci...356..183C</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Doi_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a>:<a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aal4230\">10.1126/science.aal4230</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\">ISSN</a> <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075\">0036-8075</a>.</cite><span title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Semantics+derived+automatically+from+language+corpora+contain+human-like+biases&rft.volume=356&rft.issue=6334&rft.pages=183-186&rft.date=2017-04-14&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1608.07187&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aal4230&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Sci...356..183C&rft.aulast=Caliskan&rft.aufirst=Aylin&rft.au=Bryson%2C+Joanna+J.&rft.au=Narayanan%2C+Arvind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aal4230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+science\" class=\"Z3988\"></span></span>"
## [296] "<div class=\"navbox-styles\"><style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1129693374\">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:\": \"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:\" · \";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:\" (\";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:\")\";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:\" \"counter(listitem)\"\\a0 \"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:\" (\"counter(listitem)\"\\a0 \"}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1236075235\">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role=\"navigation\" class=\"navbox\" aria-labelledby=\"Data8\" style=\"padding:3px\"><table class=\"nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner\" style=\"border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit\"><tbody><tr><th scope=\"col\" class=\"navbox-title\" colspan=\"2\"><link rel=\"mw-deduplicated-inline-style\" href=\"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374\" /><style data-mw-deduplicate=\"TemplateStyles:r1239400231\">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:\"[ \"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:\" ]\"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class=\"navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini\"><ul><li class=\"nv-view\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template:Data\" title=\"Template:Data\"><abbr title=\"View this template\">v</abbr></a></li><li class=\"nv-talk\"><a href=\"/wiki/Template_talk:Data\" title=\"Template talk:Data\"><abbr title=\"Discuss this template\">t</abbr></a></li><li class=\"nv-edit\"><a href=\"/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Data\" title=\"Special:EditPage/Template:Data\"><abbr title=\"Edit this template\">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id=\"Data8\" style=\"font-size:114%;margin:0 4em\"><a href=\"/wiki/Data\" title=\"Data\">Data</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"navbox-list navbox-odd hlist\" style=\"width:100%;padding:0\"><div style=\"padding:0 0.25em\">"
## [297] "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Data_compression\" title=\"Data compression\">Compression</a></li>"
## [298] "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Data_corruption\" title=\"Data corruption\">Corruption</a></li>"
## [299] "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Data_deduplication\" title=\"Data deduplication\">Deduplication</a></li>"
## [300] "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Data_exploration\" title=\"Data exploration\">Exploration</a></li>"
## [301] "<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Data_cooperative\" title=\"Data cooperative\">Cooperatives</a></li></ul></li>"
## [302] "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Data_philanthropy\" title=\"Data philanthropy\">Philanthropy</a></li>"
## [303] "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Data_pre-processing\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Data pre-processing\">Pre-processing</a></li>"
## [304] "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Data_preservation\" title=\"Data preservation\">Preservation</a></li>"
## [305] "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Data_processing\" title=\"Data processing\">Processing</a></li>"
## [306] "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Information_privacy\" title=\"Information privacy\">Protection (privacy)</a></li>"
## [307] "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Data_publishing\" title=\"Data publishing\">Publishing</a>"
## [308] "<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Open_data\" title=\"Open data\">Open data</a></li></ul></li>"
## [309] "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Data_scraping\" title=\"Data scraping\">Scraping</a></li>"
## [310] "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Data_steward\" title=\"Data steward\">Stewardship</a></li>"
## [311] "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Topological_data_analysis\" title=\"Topological data analysis\">Topological data analysis</a></li>"
## [312] "<li><a href=\"/wiki/Data_type\" title=\"Data type\">Type</a></li>"
## [313] "NewPP limit report"
## [314] "Cache expiry: 2592000"
## [315] "Reduced expiry: false"
## [316] "Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc]"
## [317] "Preprocessor visited node count: 2302/1000000"
## [318] "Post‐expand include size: 85027/2097152 bytes"
## [319] "Template argument size: 780/2097152 bytes"
## [320] "Highest expansion depth: 12/100"
## [321] "Expensive parser function count: 4/500"
## [322] "Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20"
## [323] "Unstrip post‐expand size: 142478/5000000 bytes"
## [324] "Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)"
## [325] " 65.45% 361.134 1 Template:Reflist"
## [326] " 32.63% 180.049 16 Template:Cite_journal"
## [327] " 13.97% 77.061 1 Template:Data"
## [328] " 13.23% 73.001 1 Template:Navbox"
## [329] " 11.32% 62.486 1 Template:Short_description"
## [330] " 7.58% 41.816 6 Template:Cite_book"
## [331] " 7.07% 39.038 7 Template:Cite_web"
## [332] " 6.38% 35.213 4 Template:Cite_news"
## [333] " 6.16% 34.012 2 Template:Pagetype"
## [334] "<!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:35458904:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20250412160629 and revision id 1280929370. Rendering was triggered because: page-view"
## [335] "</div><!--esi <esi:include src=\"/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content\" /> --><noscript><img src=\"https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" style=\"border: none; position: absolute;\"></noscript>"
## [336] "<div class=\"printfooter\" data-nosnippet=\"\">Retrieved from \"<a dir=\"ltr\" href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_science&oldid=1280929370\">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_science&oldid=1280929370</a>\"</div></div>"
## [337] "\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"catlinks\" class=\"catlinks\" data-mw=\"interface\"><div id=\"mw-normal-catlinks\" class=\"mw-normal-catlinks\"><a href=\"/wiki/Help:Category\" title=\"Help:Category\">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Information_science\" title=\"Category:Information science\">Information science</a></li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Computer_occupations\" title=\"Category:Computer occupations\">Computer occupations</a></li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Computational_fields_of_study\" title=\"Category:Computational fields of study\">Computational fields of study</a></li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Data_analysis\" title=\"Category:Data analysis\">Data analysis</a></li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Data_science\" title=\"Category:Data science\">Data science</a></li></ul></div><div id=\"mw-hidden-catlinks\" class=\"mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden\">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description\" title=\"Category:Articles with short description\">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata\" title=\"Category:Short description is different from Wikidata\">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2023\" title=\"Category:Use dmy dates from August 2023\">Use dmy dates from August 2023</a></li></ul></div></div>"
## [338] "\t<li id=\"footer-info-lastmod\"> This page was last edited on 17 March 2025, at 07:41<span class=\"anonymous-show\"> (UTC)</span>.</li>"
## [339] "\t<li id=\"footer-info-copyright\">Text is available under the <a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License\" title=\"Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License\">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>;"
## [340] "additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href=\"https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use\">Terms of Use</a> and <a href=\"https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy\" class=\"extiw\" title=\"foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy\">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https://wikimediafoundation.org/\">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li>"
## [341] "\t<ul id=\"footer-places\">"
## [342] "\t<li id=\"footer-places-privacy\"><a href=\"https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy\">Privacy policy</a></li>"
## [343] "\t<li id=\"footer-places-about\"><a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:About\">About Wikipedia</a></li>"
## [344] "\t<li id=\"footer-places-disclaimers\"><a href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer\">Disclaimers</a></li>"
## [345] "\t<li id=\"footer-places-contact\"><a href=\"//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us\">Contact Wikipedia</a></li>"
## [346] "\t<li id=\"footer-places-wm-codeofconduct\"><a href=\"https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct\">Code of Conduct</a></li>"
## [347] "\t<li id=\"footer-places-developers\"><a href=\"https://developer.wikimedia.org\">Developers</a></li>"
## [348] "\t<li id=\"footer-places-statslink\"><a href=\"https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org\">Statistics</a></li>"
## [349] "\t<li id=\"footer-places-cookiestatement\"><a href=\"https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement\">Cookie statement</a></li>"
## [350] "\t<li id=\"footer-places-mobileview\"><a href=\"//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_science&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile\" class=\"noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle\">Mobile view</a></li>"
## [351] "\t<ul id=\"footer-icons\" class=\"noprint\">"
## [352] "\t<li id=\"footer-copyrightico\"><a href=\"https://www.wikimedia.org/\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled\"><picture><source media=\"(min-width: 500px)\" srcset=\"/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg\" width=\"84\" height=\"29\"><img src=\"/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" alt=\"Wikimedia Foundation\" lang=\"en\" loading=\"lazy\"></picture></a></li>"
## [353] "\t<li id=\"footer-poweredbyico\"><a href=\"https://www.mediawiki.org/\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled\"><picture><source media=\"(min-width: 500px)\" srcset=\"/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg\" width=\"88\" height=\"31\"><img src=\"/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg\" alt=\"Powered by MediaWiki\" lang=\"en\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" loading=\"lazy\"></picture></a></li>"
## [354] "\t\t\t\t<button class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search\"></span>"
## [355] "<span>Search</span>"
## [356] "\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-typeahead-search-container\">"
## [357] "\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail\">"
## [358] "\t\t\t\t\t<form action=\"/w/index.php\" id=\"vector-sticky-search-form\" class=\"cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button\">"
## [359] "\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cdx-search-input__input-wrapper\" data-search-loc=\"header-moved\">"
## [360] "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon\">"
## [361] "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input"
## [362] "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"cdx-text-input__input\""
## [363] "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttype=\"search\" name=\"search\" placeholder=\"Search Wikipedia\">"
## [364] "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon\"></span>"
## [365] "\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"title\" value=\"Special:Search\">"
## [366] "\t\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button\">Search</button>"
## [367] "\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"vector-sticky-header-toc\" class=\"vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left\" >"
## [368] "\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"checkbox\" id=\"vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox\" role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"true\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc\" class=\"vector-dropdown-checkbox \" aria-label=\"Toggle the table of contents\" >"
## [369] "\t\t\t\t\t\t<label id=\"vector-sticky-header-toc-label\" for=\"vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox\" class=\"vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only \" aria-hidden=\"true\" ><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet\"></span>"
## [370] "<span class=\"vector-dropdown-label-text\">Toggle the table of contents</span>"
## [371] "\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-dropdown-content\">"
## [372] "\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container\" class=\"vector-unpinned-container\">"
## [373] "\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary\" aria-hidden=\"true\" ><span class=\"mw-page-title-main\">Data science</span></div>"
## [374] "\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" id=\"ca-talk-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"talk-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles\"></span>"
## [375] "<span></span>"
## [376] "\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" id=\"ca-subject-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"subject-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article\"></span>"
## [377] "<span></span>"
## [378] "\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" id=\"ca-history-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"history-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history\"></span>"
## [379] "<span></span>"
## [380] "\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink\" id=\"ca-watchstar-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"watch-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star\"></span>"
## [381] "<span></span>"
## [382] "\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" id=\"ca-edit-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"wikitext-edit-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText\"></span>"
## [383] "<span></span>"
## [384] "\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" id=\"ca-ve-edit-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"ve-edit-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit\"></span>"
## [385] "<span></span>"
## [386] "\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only\" id=\"ca-viewsource-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"ve-edit-protected-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock\"></span>"
## [387] "<span></span>"
## [388] "\t\t\t\t<button class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector\" id=\"p-lang-btn-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language\"></span>"
## [389] "<span>50 languages</span>"
## [390] "\t\t\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive\" id=\"ca-addsection-sticky-header\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-event-name=\"addsection-sticky-header\"><span class=\"vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive\"></span>"
## [391] "<span>Add topic</span>"
## [392] "<div class=\"mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet\" id=\"p-dock-bottom\">"
## [393] "<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({\"wgHostname\":\"mw-web.codfw.main-658b85fd8d-mbn6p\",\"wgBackendResponseTime\":148,\"wgPageParseReport\":{\"limitreport\":{\"cputime\":\"0.553\",\"walltime\":\"0.645\",\"ppvisitednodes\":{\"value\":2302,\"limit\":1000000},\"postexpandincludesize\":{\"value\":85027,\"limit\":2097152},\"templateargumentsize\":{\"value\":780,\"limit\":2097152},\"expansiondepth\":{\"value\":12,\"limit\":100},\"expensivefunctioncount\":{\"value\":4,\"limit\":500},\"unstrip-depth\":{\"value\":1,\"limit\":20},\"unstrip-size\":{\"value\":142478,\"limit\":5000000},\"entityaccesscount\":{\"value\":0,\"limit\":500},\"timingprofile\":[\"100.00% 551.789 1 -total\",\" 65.45% 361.134 1 Template:Reflist\",\" 32.63% 180.049 16 Template:Cite_journal\",\" 13.97% 77.061 1 Template:Data\",\" 13.23% 73.001 1 Template:Navbox\",\" 11.32% 62.486 1 Template:Short_description\",\" 7.58% 41.816 6 Template:Cite_book\",\" 7.07% 39.038 7 Template:Cite_web\",\" 6.38% 35.213 4 Template:Cite_news\",\" 6.16% 34.012 2 Template:Pagetype\"]},\"scribunto\":{\"limitreport-timeusage\":{\"value\":\"0.365\",\"limit\":\"10.000\"},\"limitreport-memusage\":{\"value\":5600409,\"limit\":52428800}},\"cachereport\":{\"origin\":\"mw-web.eqiad.main-84b746899f-9swv9\",\"timestamp\":\"20250412160629\",\"ttl\":2592000,\"transientcontent\":false}}});});</script>"
## [394] "<script type=\"application/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\/\\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"Article\",\"name\":\"Data science\",\"url\":\"https:\\/\\/en.wikipedia.org\\/wiki\\/Data_science\",\"sameAs\":\"http:\\/\\/www.wikidata.org\\/entity\\/Q2374463\",\"mainEntity\":\"http:\\/\\/www.wikidata.org\\/entity\\/Q2374463\",\"author\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"Contributors to Wikimedia projects\"},\"publisher\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\\/\\/www.wikimedia.org\\/static\\/images\\/wmf-hor-googpub.png\"}},\"datePublished\":\"2012-04-11T17:34:10Z\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-03-17T07:41:49Z\",\"image\":\"https:\\/\\/upload.wikimedia.org\\/wikipedia\\/commons\\/4\\/45\\/PIA23792-1600x1200%281%29.jpg\",\"headline\":\"field of study to extract insights from data\"}</script>"#Using library XML
library(XML)## Warning: package 'XML' was built under R version 4.4.3doc<-htmlParse(eg6)
doc.text<-unlist(xpathApply(doc,'//p',xmlValue))
unlist(xpathApply(doc,'//h2',xmlValue))## [1] "Contents"
## [2] "Foundations"
## [3] "Etymology"
## [4] "Data science and data analysis"
## [5] "Cloud computing for data science"
## [6] "Ethical consideration in data science"
## [7] "See also"
## [8] "References"#Using library httr
library(httr)## Warning: package 'httr' was built under R version 4.4.2##
## Attaching package: 'httr'## The following object is masked from 'package:NLP':
##
## contenteg7<-GET("https://www.edureka.co/blog/what-is-data-science/")
doc<-htmlParse(eg7)
doc.text<-unlist(xpathApply(doc,'//p',xmlValue))#Using library rvest
library(rvest)## Warning: package 'rvest' was built under R version 4.4.2eg8<-read_html("https://www.edureka.co/blog/what-is-data-science/")
nodes<-html_nodes(eg8,'.color-4a div span , .btn-become-profesional-link+ p')
texts<-html_text(nodes)
#Selecting multiple pages
pages<-paste0('https://www.amazon.co.jp/s?k=skincare&crid=28HIW1TYLV9UM&sprefix=skincare%2Caps%2C268&ref=nb_sb_noss_1&page=',0:9)
eg10<-read_html(pages[1])
nodes<-html_nodes(eg10,'.a-price-whole')
texts<-html_text(nodes)
Price<-function(page){
url<-read_html(page)
nodes<-html_nodes(url ,'.a-price-whole ')
html_text(nodes)}
sapply(pages,Price)## $`https://www.amazon.co.jp/s?k=skincare&crid=28HIW1TYLV9UM&sprefix=skincare%2Caps%2C268&ref=nb_sb_noss_1&page=0`
## [1] "35,200" "5,980" "4,400" "12,540" "2,600" "2,830" "3,300" "5,980"
## [9] "4,400" "9,800" "12,300" "1,895" "3,300" "12,300" "2,839" "4,950"
## [17] "2,200" "2,500" "3,795" "2,780" "1,815" "6,480" "1,727" "2,450"
## [25] "4,400" "1,899" "1,199" "12,600" "1,572" "1,480" "9,980"
##
## $`https://www.amazon.co.jp/s?k=skincare&crid=28HIW1TYLV9UM&sprefix=skincare%2Caps%2C268&ref=nb_sb_noss_1&page=1`
## [1] "35,200" "5,980" "4,400" "12,540" "2,600" "2,830" "3,300" "5,980"
## [9] "9,800" "4,400" "12,300" "1,895" "3,300" "12,300" "2,839" "3,980"
## [17] "1,760" "4,950" "2,200" "2,780" "1,815" "6,480" "1,727" "2,450"
## [25] "1,899" "4,400" "1,199" "12,600" "1,572" "1,480" "9,980" "1,635"
##
## $`https://www.amazon.co.jp/s?k=skincare&crid=28HIW1TYLV9UM&sprefix=skincare%2Caps%2C268&ref=nb_sb_noss_1&page=2`
## [1] "5,980" "3,300" "35,200" "3,300" "5,980" "4,400" "9,800" "4,950"
## [9] "12,300" "12,540" "2,200" "2,500" "814" "3,299" "3,300" "12,300"
## [17] "3,795" "2,839" "1,980" "2,799" "2,980" "6,820" "8,090" "3,100"
## [25] "1,349" "4,299" "4,980" "663" "4,099" "5,839" "5,371" "6,489"
## [33] "7,275" "2,399" "8,500" "3,199"
##
## $`https://www.amazon.co.jp/s?k=skincare&crid=28HIW1TYLV9UM&sprefix=skincare%2Caps%2C268&ref=nb_sb_noss_1&page=3`
## [1] "5,980" "35,200" "3,300" "4,400" "11,980" "3,199" "5,980" "4,400"
## [9] "4,950" "12,600" "3,980" "9,491" "4,800" "3,980" "2,200" "2,500"
## [17] "10,560" "1,469" "814" "12,540" "1,980" "3,795" "2,768" "6,190"
## [25] "2,299" "3,500" "6,600" "929" "3,399" "2,579" "8,580" "4,000"
## [33] "1,599" "1,535" "991" "1,059" "1,159" "1,149" "1,159" "1,159"
## [41] "1,059" "2,199"
##
## $`https://www.amazon.co.jp/s?k=skincare&crid=28HIW1TYLV9UM&sprefix=skincare%2Caps%2C268&ref=nb_sb_noss_1&page=4`
## [1] "3,300" "5,980" "35,200" "3,300" "991" "5,980" "4,400" "9,800"
## [9] "4,950" "3,980" "1,749" "1,819" "1,869" "2,500" "2,200" "12,300"
## [17] "814" "2,119" "1,929" "1,809" "3,795" "3,980" "2,839" "4,400"
## [25] "1,899" "2,109" "1,769" "1,069" "1,899" "1,899" "1,379" "399"
## [33] "769" "1,089" "2,199" "1,159" "1,149" "1,159" "1,159" "1,059"
## [41] "1,059" "1,949" "629" "459" "749" "929" "729" "429"
## [49] "919" "549" "869" "1,259" "769" "839" "1,999" "619"
## [57] "729" "799"
##
## $`https://www.amazon.co.jp/s?k=skincare&crid=28HIW1TYLV9UM&sprefix=skincare%2Caps%2C268&ref=nb_sb_noss_1&page=5`
## [1] "35,200" "3,300" "5,980" "3,300" "1,999" "869" "5,980" "4,400"
## [9] "9,800" "3,980" "4,950" "769" "719" "2,500" "2,200" "12,300"
## [17] "3,795" "549" "1,899" "1,899" "814" "3,490" "2,839" "3,980"
## [25] "429" "839" "1,899" "4,463" "2,199" "619" "1,949" "1,259"
## [33] "2,999" "2,799" "8,045" "1,999" "729" "799" "2,599"
##
## $`https://www.amazon.co.jp/s?k=skincare&crid=28HIW1TYLV9UM&sprefix=skincare%2Caps%2C268&ref=nb_sb_noss_1&page=6`
## [1] "3,300" "35,200" "5,980" "2,200" "5,643" "5,980" "4,400" "9,800"
## [9] "3,980" "4,950" "2,500" "12,300" "3,795" "2,839" "1,980" "3,980"
## [17] "814" "2,200" "2,099" "17,716" "4,200" "8,800" "8,045" "0"
## [25] "0" "628" "0" "122" "0" "0" "476" "0"
## [33] "0" "0" "0" "0" "0" "0" "0" "530"
## [41] "0" "0" "0" "0" "0" "0"
##
## $`https://www.amazon.co.jp/s?k=skincare&crid=28HIW1TYLV9UM&sprefix=skincare%2Caps%2C268&ref=nb_sb_noss_1&page=7`
## [1] "35,200" "3,300" "5,980" "3,300" "0" "0" "0" "5,980"
## [9] "3,980" "12,300" "4,400" "4,950" "0" "0" "0" "2,500"
## [17] "2,200" "12,600" "12,300" "0" "0" "3,795" "2,839" "814"
## [25] "1,980"
##
## $`https://www.amazon.co.jp/s?k=skincare&crid=28HIW1TYLV9UM&sprefix=skincare%2Caps%2C268&ref=nb_sb_noss_1&page=8`
## [1] "3,300" "35,200" "5,980" "12,300" "2,200" "2,500" "3,795" "814"
## [9] "2,839" "3,980" "1,980" "4,400" "3,300" "4,400" "9,800" "5,980"
## [17] "3,980"
##
## $`https://www.amazon.co.jp/s?k=skincare&crid=28HIW1TYLV9UM&sprefix=skincare%2Caps%2C268&ref=nb_sb_noss_1&page=9`
## [1] "35,200" "3,300" "5,980" "2,200" "2,500" "1,760" "3,795" "12,300"
## [9] "3,980" "1,980" "814" "2,839" "3,300" "4,400" "5,980" "9,800"
## [17] "3,980"do.call("c",lapply(pages,Price))## [1] "35,200" "5,980" "4,400" "12,540" "2,600" "2,830"
## [7] "3,300" "5,980" "4,400" "9,800" "12,300" "1,895"
## [13] "3,300" "12,300" "2,839" "4,950" "2,200" "2,500"
## [19] "3,795" "2,780" "1,815" "6,480" "1,727" "2,450"
## [25] "1,899" "4,400" "1,199" "12,600" "1,572" "1,480"
## [31] "9,980" "35,200" "5,980" "4,400" "4,950" "2,600"
## [37] "2,830" "3,300" "5,980" "4,400" "12,300" "9,800"
## [43] "1,895" "3,300" "12,300" "1,572" "2,839" "12,600"
## [49] "2,200" "2,500" "3,795" "2,780" "1,815" "6,480"
## [55] "1,727" "2,450" "1,899" "4,400" "1,199" "12,600"
## [61] "1,572" "1,480" "9,980" "5,980" "3,300" "35,200"
## [67] "3,300" "5,980" "4,400" "9,800" "4,950" "12,300"
## [73] "3,300" "2,500" "2,200" "12,300" "814" "3,299"
## [79] "2,839" "1,980" "3,795" "3,980" "2,799" "2,980"
## [85] "8,090" "6,820" "3,100" "1,349" "4,299" "4,980"
## [91] "4,099" "663" "5,839" "6,489" "7,275" "5,371"
## [97] "8,500" "2,399" "11,980" "3,350" "5,980" "35,200"
## [103] "3,300" "4,400" "3,199" "4,800" "5,980" "4,400"
## [109] "4,950" "9,800" "12,600" "10,560" "814" "3,980"
## [115] "12,540" "2,768" "6,190" "1,469" "2,500" "13,750"
## [121] "1,980" "3,795" "2,299" "3,500" "6,600" "929"
## [127] "2,579" "1,599" "8,580" "1,535" "4,000" "991"
## [133] "769" "399" "729" "459" "719" "749"
## [139] "549" "429" "629" "799" "919" "729"
## [145] "869" "839" "769" "619" "3,300" "5,980"
## [151] "35,200" "2,500" "1,749" "991" "5,980" "4,400"
## [157] "9,800" "4,950" "3,980" "1,819" "2,200" "12,300"
## [163] "814" "3,795" "1,869" "1,929" "2,119" "3,980"
## [169] "2,839" "4,400" "1,980" "2,109" "1,809" "1,769"
## [175] "1,069" "1,899" "1,379" "1,899" "1,899" "399"
## [181] "1,089" "769" "2,199" "1,159" "1,159" "1,159"
## [187] "1,149" "1,059" "1,059" "629" "1,949" "749"
## [193] "929" "429" "729" "549" "919" "869"
## [199] "769" "839" "1,259" "619" "1,999" "729"
## [205] "799" "35,200" "3,300" "5,980" "3,300" "729"
## [211] "459" "5,980" "4,400" "9,800" "3,980" "4,950"
## [217] "869" "769" "2,500" "2,200" "12,300" "3,795"
## [223] "1,899" "1,899" "549" "839" "814" "2,839"
## [229] "3,980" "4,400" "429" "1,899" "2,199" "619"
## [235] "4,463" "1,949" "1,259" "2,999" "3,499" "8,045"
## [241] "729" "8,800" "1,999" "799" "3,300" "35,200"
## [247] "5,980" "2,200" "5,980" "4,400" "9,800" "3,980"
## [253] "4,950" "2,599" "2,500" "12,300" "3,795" "814"
## [259] "3,980" "1,980" "2,839" "2,200" "16,644" "4,200"
## [265] "25,424" "24,327" "8,800" "17,716" "1,116,448" "0"
## [271] "0" "0" "0" "0" "0" "0"
## [277] "122" "628" "0" "476" "0" "0"
## [283] "0" "0" "0" "0" "0" "530"
## [289] "0" "0" "0" "0" "35,200" "3,300"
## [295] "5,980" "3,300" "628" "0" "476" "5,980"
## [301] "3,980" "12,300" "4,400" "4,950" "0" "0"
## [307] "0" "2,200" "2,500" "3,280" "12,300" "122"
## [313] "0" "0" "0" "3,795" "814" "2,839"
## [319] "1,980" "0" "0" "530" "0" "0"
## [325] "0" "0" "0" "0" "0" "0"
## [331] "0" "0" "0" "0" "0" "0"
## [337] "0" "0" "3,300" "35,200" "5,980" "12,300"
## [343] "2,200" "2,500" "3,795" "814" "2,839" "3,980"
## [349] "1,980" "4,400" "3,300" "4,400" "9,800" "5,980"
## [355] "3,980" "35,200" "3,300" "5,980" "2,200" "2,500"
## [361] "3,795" "12,300" "1,980" "3,980" "814" "2,839"
## [367] "10,560" "3,300" "4,400" "5,980" "9,800" "3,980"